Flowering plants, from giant sequoias to miniscule duckweed, all depend on the action of small populations of cells, called meristems, to grow. Meristems contain stem cells that continue to proliferate to give rise to roots, shoots, leaves, and branches. However, there are situations in which meristematic cells cease their proliferative activity and terminally differentiate; this occurs in flowers, and floral specific gene networks have been identified that terminate stem cell activity as flower development ensues. A far less well studied example of meristem termination is the formation of thorns. A number of plant species equip themselves with thorns to deter herbivores yet little is known of how these weapons are made.
Over ten years ago, our group set out to understand how meristematic activity is arrested during thorn development. Citrus was selected as a model for thorn development for two reasons: agronomic importance and feasibility. Citrus is one of the most economically valuable fruit crops in the world, and thornlessness is a breeding target as thorns affect fruit harvesting efficiency and can physically damage fruits. In addition, research in citrus is practical: the genome sequences of several citrus species are available, there are naturally occurring citrus variants that lack thorns, and citrus is amenable to genetic transformation. As tractable mutants are key for functional genetics studies, we established a fast and efficient citrus genome editing system by using the YAO promoter to drive Cas9 expression and employed heat stress treatments to further increase CRISPR-mediated gene editing efficiency. This system has proven to be very effective and we can now inactivate up to six genes simultaneously in primary citrus transformants in just a few months.
In our recent paper, Zhang et al 2020, we first characterized thorn growth and defined stages from primordium initiation to terminal differentiation. At early stages, the thorn primordia appear dome-shaped, like that of typical shoot meristems. By stage 7, the thorn tip narrows and at stage 8, thorns elongate and become pointed. Furthermore, the expression of two meristem-expressed genes, SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) and WUSCHEL (WUS) are downregulated at stage 8, with STM expression becoming confined to vascular tissues and WUS expression becoming undetectable. Cell division completely ceases by stage 13, and the thorn lignifies to produce the sharp hard stiletto-like tip.
The question that naturally arises is what terminates thorn meristem gene expression at stage 8. Using a thornless Mexican lime natural variant in comparison to normal Mexican limes, we performed transcriptome analyses of young shoots. We focused on differentially expressed transcription factors that are expressed preferentially in young thorns. One candidate gene, THORN IDENTITY1, encodes a TCP transcription factor, and its homologues control bud dormancy in other plant species and so was an excellent candidate for further analyses. Interestingly, TI1 expression starts at stage 8, and a CRISPR-induced mutation of TI1 leads to the transformation of some thorns into branches. TI1 has a paralogue in citrus, TI2, whose expression in thorns starts from stage 7, and a ti2 mutation also shows the thorn transformed into branch phenotype. Mutation of TI1 and TI2 together transforms nearly every thorn into a branch, resulting in a very bushy phenotype (Figure 1).
Figure 1 Mutation of THORN IDENTITY genes converts thorns into branches. Left, control plant; right, ti1 ti2 double mutant. From Zhang et al, Current Biology, 2020: doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.068.
WUS expression is upregulated in ti1, ti2 and ti1ti2 mutants, suggesting that the TI genes may function through repressing WUS transcription. Supporting this, both TI1 and TI2 repress WUS promoter activity in transient expression assays, and TI1 directly binds to the WUS promoter as demonstrated by both chromatin immunoprecipitation and gel shift assays. Interestingly, the citrus WUS promoter has a TCP consensus binding site that is not present in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and we showed that mutation of this cis-element can abolish TI1-WUS promoter regulation. Finally, disruption of the TI1–WUS pathway by either ectopic expression of WUS or via a WUS promoter mutation affects thorn development, indicating that this pathway is critical for thorn growth.
In the classic textbook “Patterns in Plant Development”, by Taylor Steeves and Ian Sussex, thorns are viewed as “one of the most striking departures from typical shoot morphology”. Our work serves as a first step for understanding how such evolutionary novelties arise. With the identification of citrus thorn identity TI genes and a previously undescribed TI–WUS pathway for stem cell regulation, we now have a handle to explore the upstream and downstream regulators involved in weaponizing plants. It is also worth mentioning that thorns have evolved multiple times, and can exhibit very striking departures from shoots, for instance as in honey locust thorns (Figure 2). It still remains to be seen if different plant species redeploy the TI-WUS pathway for thorn development, or if different species armor themselves in unique ways.
The Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem) at Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences at the University of Copenhagen is looking for a Postdoctoral candidate to join the Aragona group starting November 2020 or upon agreement with the chosen candidate.
Background
The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology – DanStem has been established as a result of a series of international recruitments coupled with internationally recognized research groups focused on insulin producing beta cells and cancer research already located at the University of Copenhagen. DanStem addresses basic research questions in stem cell and developmental biology and has activities focused on the translation of promising basic research results into new strategies and targets for the development of new therapies for cancer and chronic diseases such as diabetes and liver failure. Find more information about the Center at http://danstem.ku.dk/.
A postdoctoral position is available in the group of Mariaceleste Aragona at DanStem. The team studies fundamental mechanisms of stem cell biology and tissue architecture establishment and maintenance. Our group aims to understand how neighbouring cells coordinate their decisions to build tissues with specialized structure and function. In particular, we want to investigate how mechanical cues affect gene transcription, stem cells dynamics and fate decisions. To achieve this, the group utilizes lineage tracing in mouse models, embryo tissue explants for live imaging during organ formation, transcriptomic and chromatin profiling at the single cell level. This research project will study the mechanisms by which the different compartments of the skin cope with mechanical stress, as well as how they coordinate their own homeostatic behavior with the different neighboring cell types. Starting date for this position is the 1 November 2020, or upon agreement with the chosen candidate.
Job description
We are seeking an enthusiastic and outstanding post-doctoral candidate with a strong background in either mouse and stem cell biology and/or molecular biology. The candidate will implement lineage tracing techniques and transcriptomic profiling to identify key cellular and molecular players regulating stretch-mediated tissue expansion in vivo. By combining clonal analysis to study cell fates dynamics, whole tissue imaging, single cell RNA sequencing and chromatin profiling, the candidate will master the underlying principles of tissue architecture maintenance upon mechanical perturbations.
Qualifications
Candidates must hold a PhD degree in cell/molecular/developmental/stem cell biology/ or similar, with a track-record of successful scientific work.
Candidates should have a strong background in mouse genetics, cell and molecular biology and/or cell imaging. Alternatively candidates with a background in transcriptomic applied to animal models are also encouraged to apply.
Previous experience using rodents as a research model, stem cell culture, embryo explants and/or next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics are considered an advantage.
Good English communication skills, both oral and written, are prerequisite for the successful candidate.
A solution-oriented, organizational and positive mindset is required. The ability to work in a highly collaborative environment both independently and as part of the team is essential.
Terms of salary, work, and employment
The employment is planned to start 1 November 2020 or upon agreement with the chosen candidate. The employment is initially for 2 years with the possibility for renewal. The terms of employment are set according to the Agreement between the Ministry of Finance and The Danish Confederation of Professional Associations or other relevant professional organization. The position will be at the level of postdoctoral fellow and the basic salary according to seniority. Currently, the salary starts at 34.650 DKK/approx. 4,.650 Euro (April 2020-level). A supplement could be negotiated, dependent on the candidate ́s experiences and qualifications. In addition a monthly contribution of 17.1% of the salary is paid into a pension fund.
Non-Danish and Danish applicants may be eligible for tax reductions, if they hold a PhD degree and have not lived in Denmark the last 10 years.
The position is covered by the “Memorandum on Job Structure for Academic Staff at the Universities” of December 11, 2019.
The application must include:
Motivation letter (It should describe your long-term research vision, the reason for applying to be part of our team and why you think you are the right candidate to fill this position).
Curriculum vitae incl. education, experience, previous employments, language skills and other relevant skills.
List of three references (full address, incl. email and phone number).
The application, in English, must be submitted electronically by clicking APPLY below.
The University of Copenhagen wishes to reflect the diversity of society and welcomes applications from all qualified candidates regardless of personal background.
Only applications received in time and consisting of the above listed documents will be considered.
Applications and/or any material received after deadline will not be taken into consideration.
The application will be assessed according to the Ministerial Order no. 284 of 25 April 2008 on the Appointment of Academic Staff at Universities.
Assessment procedure
After the expiry of the deadline for applications, the authorized recruitment manager selects applicants for assessment on the advice of the Appointments Committee. All applicants are then immediately notified whether their application has been passed for assessment by an expert assessment committee. Selected applicants are notified of the composition of the committee and each applicant has the opportunity to comment on the part of the assessment that relates to the applicant him/herself.
Application deadline: August 23, 2020, 23.59pm CET
Founded in 1479, the University of Copenhagen is the oldest university in Denmark. It is among the largest universities in Scandinavia and is one of the highest ranking in Europe. The University´s eight faculties include Health Sciences, Humanities, Law, Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science, Social Sciences and Theology. www.ku.dk
The Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem) at Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences at the University of Copenhagen is looking for a (AC-TAP) candidate to join the Aragona group starting November 2020 or upon agreement with the chosen candidate.
Background
The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology – DanStem has been established as a result of a series of international recruitments coupled with internationally recognized research groups focused on insulin producing beta cells and cancer research already located at the University of Copenhagen. DanStem addresses basic research questions in stem cell and developmental biology and has activities focused on the translation of promising basic research results into new strategies and targets for the development of new therapies for cancer and chronic diseases such as diabetes and liver failure. Find more information about the Center at http://danstem.ku.dk/.
Job description
The candidate will be responsible for purchasing and general stock maintenance for the whole group, which includes keeping track of orders, receiving, unpacking deliveries and approving invoices. He/she will maintain the laboratories protocols and stock database and will play a key role in tasks ensuring a good working order of the laboratory in collaboration with the other group members. He/she will also be assist in preparation of in-house reagents used by the laboratory and managing the team’s mouse colony.
In addition to these tasks, the candidate will assist in a research project in collaboration with post-doctoral fellows and/or PhD students. Such a project will be related to the study of stem cells dynamics and tissue architecture maintenance upon mechanical perturbation, and will involve the preparation of whole mounts for confocal imaging, sectioning and immunostaining of tissues, preparation of cell suspensions for FACS analysis and molecular biology, among others. The successful applicant is expected to learn new laboratory techniques and become able to use them autonomously. Furthermore, he/she will attend weekly seminars and laboratory meetings. The working hours are 37 hours per week.
For additional information about the position above, please contact Associate Professor Mariaceleste Aragona mariaceleste.aragona@sund.ku.dk
Qualifications
A Master’s degree or equivalent in a biological sciences-related discipline.
Highly motivated and enthusiastic candidates are encouraged to apply. The position requires solid previous work experience from an established research laboratory. Skills in several of the following techniques are required: mouse handling and genotyping, molecular biology (PCR, cloning), cryosectioning and immunocytochemistry. Experience in working with mouse models is a prerequisite for the successful candidate.
Knowledge of cell and tissue biology, stem cell biology or mechanobiology is an advantage.
The position requires good computer literacy and previous experience in a similar position will be a strong advantage.
The applicant should be reliable and well organized. A solution-oriented, organizational and positive mindset is required. The work requires independence and demands flexibility and accuracy. Further, you must have good interpersonal skills and interest in working in an international team.
Good English communication skills, both oral and written, are prerequisite for the successful candidate and Danish is desirable.
Terms of salary, work, and employment
The employment is scheduled to start November 1, 2020 or upon agreement. Contract is for 2 years.
The place of work is at the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (Danstem), University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen.
Salary, pension and terms of employment are as Academic Research Staff (Akademisk medarbejder) in accordance with the provisions of the collective agreement between the Danish Government and AC (Danish Confederation of Professional Associations). In addition to the basic salary, a monthly contribution to a pension fund is added (17.1% of the salary).
The application must include
Motivation letter
Curriculum vitae incl. education, experience, previous employments, language skills and other relevant skills
List of three references (full address, incl. email and phone number)
The application, in English, must be submitted electronically by clicking on APPLY.
The University of Copenhagen wishes to reflect the diversity of society and welcomes applications from all qualified candidates regardless of personal background.
Only applications received in time and consisting of the above listed documents will be considered.
Applications and/or any material received after deadline will not be taken into consideration.
The Group of Nico Posnien at the Department of Developmental Biology of the Georg-August-University of Göttingen invites applications for a fully funded
PostDoc Position
starting from November 1, 2020 for the duration of one year. The salary is in accordance with the German public service salary scale (E13 TV-L) at 100% of the regular working hours (currently 39.8 hours per week).
Background and aim of the project:
We study the evolution of Drosophila head shape and compound eye size (e.g. see here) to contribute to a better understanding of the molecular basis of the morphological diversity. The PostDoc project will focus on interspecific differences in head development between D. americana and D. novamexicana and it builds on prior phenotypic and genetic data. The major aim of the project is revealing interspecific differences in developmental gene expression and chromatin accessibility using an already available extensive RNAseq and ATACseq dataset. Expression and accessibility data will be integrated with genome wide association mapping (GWAS) data (see here) to link variation in gene regulation to phenotypic differences. Additionally, the impact of various inversions that are present between D. americana and D. novamexicana (see here) on gene regulation and phenotypic differences will be tested.
Your profile:
PhD in Biology, Bioinformatics or related fields
Experience with Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) data is expected
Background in Bioinformatics, Statistics and strong analytical skills is expected
Experience with molecular biology (cloning, PCR) and/or Drosophila genetics is advantageous
What we offer:
The University of Göttingen is part of the interdisciplinary Göttingen Campus that offers a vital environment for basic research and a well-organized PostDoc community. The University of Göttingen is an equal opportunities employer and places particular emphasis on fostering career opportunities for women. Qualified women are therefore strongly encouraged to apply in fields in which they are underrepresented. The university has committed itself to being a family-friendly institution and supports their employees in balancing work and family life. The mission of the University is to employ a greater number of severely disabled persons. Applications from severely disabled persons with equivalent qualifications will be given preference.
Please send your application (motivation letter, CV, academic certificates and transcript of records, as well as contact information of 1-3 references) as a single pdf file to nposnie@gwdg.de.
We are seeking a highly motivated, organized and enthusiastic postdoctoral fellow or research associate to study embryonic kidney development and its relationship to developmental kidney diseases. We are interested in the role of Wnt signaling in shaping nephric tubules, utilizing Xenopus (frog) embryos and mammalian tissue culture as models. Current goals include: 1) Determining how junctions are formed during tubule formation; 2) Modeling how patient mutations result in human developmental kidney diseases; 3) Discovering novel components affecting nephron development; 4) Visualizing in vivo tube formation using advanced live imaging techniques; 5) Generating transgenic animals to visualize nephrogenesis in vivo
Current projects utilize developmental, molecular and cell biological approaches including imaging in living embryos. Applicants with a Ph.D., M.D. or equivalent and a strong background in Developmental Biology, Embryology, Cell Biology, Molecular Biology and/or Stem Cell Biology are highly encouraged to apply. Salary and benefits are commensurate with relevant experience. Review of applications will continue until the position has been filled.
Please send your CV, cover letter indicating current and future research interests, and the name/email address of three references to:
Registration is now open for our virtual networking event!
With COVID-19 cancelling conferences, researchers have lost one of their best ways to network. So we thought we’d try to help, aided by software that creates a virtual space for researchers to interact via video.
At this event you’ll meet other developmental biologists from across the world, discuss relevant topics and test your knowledge with a pub quiz.
The event will be split into four parts:
Speed networking – meet the other attendants
Discussion tables – topics picked by attendees, currently ranging from publishing to careers, starting your lab to promoting diversity (we welcome further suggestions and are looking for table chairs to lead the discussions – just email thenode@biologists.com)
Pub quiz – how good is your devbio knowledge? Winning table gets a real life prize. Bring your own beer or coffee
Informal hang out – once the structured sessions are over, we’ll leave the session open for people to hang out
An ERC funded research engineer position in Developmental and Cell Biology is available at the IBDM in Marseille in the group of Frank Schnorrer. The appointment will be for one year with a possible extension for up to four years.
We are looking for a highly motivated scientist, with experience in working at an English-speaking international research institute. The research project will require a particular knowledge of imaging, image processing, genetics and experience in developmental and cell biology in general.
The Schnorrer group is located at the Institute of Developmental Biology of Marseille (IBDM), an interdisciplinary research center with a strong focus on quantitative in vivo biology, microscopy and biophysics. Our group is specifically interested in how the contractile elements of muscles called sarcomeres are built during development and how they are maintained during the life of the fly.
The Tata lab in the Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine has two openings for postdoctoral researchers to study cellular plasticity mechanisms in lung injury repair and tumorigenesis. We seek to understand the genetic and epigenetic basis of organ regeneration and tumorigenesis. We study the properties of stem/progenitor cells in diverse epithelial tissues (with a primary focus on lung) and their relationships with neighboring tissues in pathophysiological conditions. We utilize in vivo mouse genetics, live imaging, 3D organoids, genome-wide Cas9/Crispr based functional genetic screening, and next generation sequencing technologies to study the behavior of tissues at single cell level. We offer an inspiring intellectual, collaborative and multidisciplinary research environment to support your career goals and provide access to state-of-the-art facilities. Candidates with background knowledge and hands-on experience in transcriptional regulation, 3D-organoids and bioinformatics skills are particularly welcome.
Requirements
– A PhD or MD/PhD (or equivalent) in biological sciences (cell & developmental biology or a related field).
– Strong research background in transcriptional regulation, cell biology, molecular biology, mouse models of cancer, and/or biochemistry. Prior experience in stem cells, Cas9/Crispr gene editing, 3D-organoid cultures, chromatin biology and bioinformatics is advantageous.
– Evidence of successful completion of a research project (publications)
– Ability to work independently; interpret, present and discuss experimental data
– Excellent communications skills
My mentor, Bruce Appel, emphasizes the importance of communicating science clearly and precisely. Consequently, I have watched my peers and myself deliver ever-improving talks, posters, and manuscripts during our time in the lab. I think that many people in science appreciate that clear communication is essential for others to be able to interpret findings and effectively build upon what has been done. A corollary lesson that I wasn’t expecting to learn from our latest project, published recently in Nature Neuroscience (Hughes and Appel, 2020), is how imprecise language can muddle and confound understanding, obstructing progress.
Our lab studies oligodendrocyte lineage cells using zebrafish as a model system. In the central nervous system, oligodendrocytes wrap neuronal axons with myelin, a lipid-rich membrane that increases conduction velocity. Zebrafish are both genetically and optically accessible, allowing us to image cellular interactions during myelination in live larvae. A live-imaging experiment can catch oligodendrocytes extending numerous, arborizing processes that search for and begin to wrap axons with myelin membrane. Some of these nascent wraps continue to grow and mature, whereas other wraps appear to be eliminated. How are myelin sheaths eliminated?
Many structures that also are studied by live-imaging, like neuronal neurites, undergo similar deformations during development. Neurons elaborate and occasionally withdraw neurites, and this latter process is termed “retraction”. Oligodendrocytes generate processes that branch similarly to neurites. Like neurites, these processes withdraw, and these events have been described as “retraction”. But oligodendrocyte processes also do something very different than neurites: upon contacting a target axon, an oligodendrocyte process can deposit a reservoir of myelin lipids that spreads like a liquid droplet as the process begins wrapping the axon (Nawaz et al., 2015). Can fluid-like myelin sheaths, like the simple processes that gave rise to them, also be withdrawn? Live confocal microscopy doesn’t show us sheaths unraveling or processes reeled in by the cell body. Instead, sheaths merely reduce in size and disappear. By using the word “retraction” to describe all oligodendrocyte process disappearances, an untested mechanism was invoked to account for all myelin sheath elimination.
If myelin sheaths aren’t retracted, what alternative mechanisms could remove sheaths? Many structures in the developing nervous system, including synapses, neuronal precursors, and neurons, are overproduced and can be pruned by microglia, the resident immune cell type of the CNS. We had previously found a number of similarities between the formation of myelin sheaths and neuronal postsynapses (Hughes and Appel, 2019), raising the possibility that these structures might also be eliminated similarly.
Admittedly, I spent a lot of time thinking about microglia before they constituted a reasonable suspect in sheath elimination. Early in grad school, I had read a paper that found that microglia regularly survey the zebrafish spinal cord and quickly swoop in to clear laser-ablated neurons (Morsch et al., 2015) and I was really curious to see if these cells interact with oligodendrocytes during normal development. Something I particularly like about working with zebrafish is how easy it is to casually pursue these types of side-curiosities. I lost no time to generating the construct to label microglia, because I did it in parallel with other cloning I needed to do; I injected the construct to generate a microglia reporter transgenic line after I had performed my priority injections for experiments that week. A few months later, I had a microglia reporter line and was ready to find out if microglia and oligodendrocytes interact during myelination.
A microglia (yellow) engulfing nascent myelin sheaths (magenta) in the spinal cord of a zebrafish. Scale bar, 10 um.
The first time I timelapse imaged microglia interacting with myelin, to my surprise and delight I found microglia engulfing nascent myelin sheaths. I presented a video at lab meeting and was encouraged by the enthusiasm and questions raised by my labmates. How many microglia are there and how many sheaths are they eating? Do oligodendrocytes die when their sheaths are eaten? What regulates sheath phagocytosis? These tractable questions started to crystallize the phenomenon into a project.
At this stage, our recognition that myelin sheath development shares numerous similarities with synapse development was pivotal. Work by Dorothy Schafer, Beth Stevens, and Marie-Ève Tremblay had previously shown that microglia contact and phagocytose synapses in a neuronal activity-regulated manner (Schafer et al., 2012; Tremblay et al., 2010). Inspired by this work, the hypothesis and predictions that would form the foundation of the project emerged by analogy. Like synapses, do microglia phagocytose myelin in an activity-regulated manner? Will preventing pruning cause extra myelin to persist? With a path laid out, experiments moved swiftly. We found that microglia do survey and phagocytose myelin sheaths, and neuronal activity spurs microglia to trade-off between interacting with neuronal somas and phagocytosing myelin from myelinated axons. We further found that this program is robust enough that blocking it (via microglial ablation) caused excessive and ectopic myelin to develop.
We wrote up and submitted a much shorter version of our paper, concurrent with deposition to the preprint server BioRxiv, in summer 2019. In review, it became clear that microglia-mediated myelin pruning was incompatible with our field’s understanding that sheaths are solely eliminated by retraction. At first, I saw this as a purely semantic problem: myelin sheaths disappear, and the word “retract” has been used to describe this observation but oversteps into a mechanism that hasn’t been tested. I was resistant to confronting retraction but was persuaded by a reviewer’s argument that it would be informative to know what fraction of sheath elimination is contributed by microglia. Figuring out how to quantify sheath loss in an unbiased way took longer than any other experiment in the paper and pushed my image analysis forward in new ways. These data were the very last addition to the paper, but they appear inconspicuously in the middle of Figure 2! Ultimately, we found that sheaths are both phagocytosed by microglia and disappear independently of microglial contact, with phagocytosis accounting for the majority of sheath loss. This latter, microglia-independent category of lost sheaths might be called “retraction”, as we do in the paper.
How many sheaths are eliminated by microglia? Method to detect changes in myelin over time (cyan) allowed us to determine how many disappearing sheaths are engulfed vs disappear without microglia contact (“retract”). Arrowhead marks an engulfed sheath; open arrowheads mark engulfed myelin shuffling within microglia. Scale bar, 10 um.
I still have some reservations about “retraction”. Prior to labeling microglia, we accepted that sheaths were solely eliminated by retraction: when oligodendrocytes were the only cell type visible, it was easy to grant cell autonomy to all visible changes and to forget that other cell types are lurking in the dark. Similarly, it’s possible that additional unlabeled cell types might engulf the microglia-independent subset of disappearing sheaths.
References
Hughes, A. N. and Appel, B. (2019). Oligodendrocytes express synaptic proteins that modulate myelin sheath formation. Nat. Commun.10, 4125.
Hughes, A. N. and Appel, B. (2020). Microglia phagocytose myelin sheaths to modify developmental myelination. Nat. Neurosci. in press.
Morsch, M., Radford, R., Lee, A., Don, E. K., Badrock, A. P., Hall, T. E., Cole, N. J. and Chung, R. (2015). In vivo characterization of microglial engulfment of dying neurons in the zebrafish spinal cord. Front. Cell. Neurosci.9, 321.
Nawaz, S., Sánchez, P., Schmitt, S., Snaidero, N., Mitkovski, M., Velte, C., Brückner, B. R., Alexopoulos, I., Czopka, T., Jung, S. Y., et al. (2015). Actin Filament Turnover Drives Leading Edge Growth during Myelin Sheath Formation in the Central Nervous System. Dev. Cell34, 139–151.
Schafer, D. P., Lehrman, E. K., Kautzman, A. G., Koyama, R., Mardinly, A. R., Yamasaki, R., Ransohoff, R. M., Greenberg, M. E., Barres, B. A. and Stevens, B. (2012). Microglia Sculpt Postnatal Neural Circuits in an Activity and Complement-Dependent Manner. Neuron74, 691–705.
Tremblay, M.-È., Lowery, R. L. and Majewska, A. K. (2010). Microglial Interactions with Synapses Are Modulated by Visual Experience. PLoS Biol.8, e1000527.
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