Summary: It is difficult to predict whether newborns will develop autism, but autism can occur alongside congenital heart disease, which is identifiable at birth. Scientists from University of California, San Francisco, USA, are working to understand the shared biology of autism and congenital heart disease to predict the risk that a child has autism earlier. Their latest study, published in Development, shows that hair-like cell structures (cilia) found on all cells link autism and congenital heart disease.
The skin of a frog embryo, with cilia (in magenta and cyan) and the outline of cells (in grey) highlighted. Image credit: James Schmidt
Press release: Autism spectrum disorders are complex neurodevelopmental conditions affecting about 1 in 100 children worldwide. Early diagnosis would allow timely intervention to improve the development and quality of life for children with autism. Scientists have identified over 200 genes associated with autism, but predicting the risk of developing autism based on genetic information is not straightforward. Autism can co-occur with congenital heart disease, which affects the structure, growth and function of the heart. Because congenital heart disease can be readily identified in newborns, a congenital heart disease diagnosis could help identify children at higher risk of developing autism earlier. Scientists have been trying to understand why the two conditions, which affect the development of the brain and the heart respectively, occur together. A team of scientists, led by Dr Helen Willsey from University of California, San Francisco, USA, discovered that tiny hair-like structures called cilia, found on the surface of almost every cell, underlie the shared biology of autism and congenital heart disease, taking us a step closer to early prediction of children at risk of developing autism. This study is published in the journal Development on 24 June 2025.
‘Understanding how autism and congenital heart disease intersect biologically has been technically challenging just due to the sheer number of risk genes involved in both disorders,’ said Willsey. Previous evidence had shown that mutations in 361 genes increased the risk of individuals developing either autism, congenital heart disease, or both. The scientists wondered whether genes linked to congenital heart disease that directly affect nerve cells may be genes that also increase the risk of autism. ‘Here, we looked at how these risk genes function in the development of both the brain and heart and contribute to disease,’ said Willsey.
Nia Teerikorpi, who performed most of the experiments in this study, grew immature human nerve cells that had been mutated to lack one of the 361 key genes in the lab and monitored how well the cells grew. She found 45 genes that affected the growth of the nerve cells. Looking more closely, Teerikorpi and the team found that all 45 genes function in tiny hair-like protrusions (cilia) extending from our cells that are involved in movement, sensation and communication between cells. Willsey explained why one gene in this group – taok1 – caught their attention: ‘Patients with mutations in the taok1 gene appear to have a higher risk of developing autism, and we previously identified taok1 as a predicted congenital heart disease risk gene, but we had not yet tested whether it functions in heart development. So, seeing this gene come up again in this work looking at the shared biology of the two conditions motivated us to study it more closely.’
To study the role of taok1 in the heart and brain, the team altered the gene in frog embryos and then monitored their growth and development. They found that cilia could not form properly on cell surfaces, and they observed defects developing in the heart and brain. This suggests that the other 44 genes identified could also be relevant for the development of the brain and heart, contributing to autism and congenital heart disease.
Building on this work, the team is now actively pursuing the extent to which genes involved in cilia overlap with genes associated with autism and congenital heart disease, ‘what we discovered is the tip of the iceberg for the intersection of autism and congenital heart disease,’ said Willsey, ‘Our findings offer the opportunity to prioritize people with genes associated with both conditions for early monitoring and intervention.’
Join stem cell, gene, and regenerative medicine researchers, manufacturers, and patient representatives in Boston, USA on 11-12 December 2025 for a program focused on developing the next generation of technologies and platforms for the application of therapies to improve human health.
“[This] symposium arrives at a truly exciting time for regenerative medicine. I am thrilled by the incredible potential of PSC-derived cell therapies to tackle intractable diseases, a future powered by the innovative science and the incredibly diverse, international and collaborative community of researchers dedicated to bringing these transformative treatments to patients.” – Stefan Irion, MD, BlueRock Therapeutics (Organizing Committee Member)
With global speakers across a wide variety of disciplines and expertise, this program is sure to spark conversations and collaborations surrounding ESC & iPSC-derived cell therapies.
Submit an abstract by 10 September 2025 for the chance to present alongside pioneers in the field, including our keynote presenter, George Church!
Do not miss this call for mentees from the Drosophila community.
Scan the QR Code & fill the mentee survey !
The Fly Board is excited to announce the second cycle of FlyCROSS (2025–2026). The goal of FlyCROSS is to empower early career Drosophila researchers by connecting them with mentors who can help them fly in their careers – whether in academia or beyond. If you’re part of the Drosophila community and seeking guidance on professional development, career transitions, or navigating personal, academic, or non-academic challenges — this is a truly unique opportunity you won’t want to miss.
We are currently seeking mentees. Early-career scientists including graduate students, postdoctoral researchers working in fly labs or equivalent settings, pre-tenure faculty/equivalent leading Drosophila research groups, non-tenure-track or teaching faculty are eligible to participate as mentees. Mentee survey is now open through September 1.
The mentee survey will gather important details about your career goals, professional challenges and the type of mentorship being sought. With a large pool of mentors from around the world offering unique mentoring experiences already on board — you’ll have the opportunity to review their responses and indicate your preferred matches based on your goals and interests. FlyCROSS prioritizes mentee needs in the matching process while supporting mentees from a wide range of backgrounds and research environments. After receiving mentee submissions, the FlyCROSS committee will carefully review the preferences and finalize pairings, ensuring an optimal match between mentors and mentees. Matches will be announced by October.
In the previous FlyCROSS cycle, 37 mentees were matched to mentors of their choice. This is a unique opportunity to receive personalized guidance, expand your network, and gain valuable career insights from leaders across the global fly community.
We encourage all eligible mentees to apply by September 1, 2025, and take part in this enriching mentoring experience! Incase of any queries reach out to dmelcross@gmail.com. FlyCROSS was adapted from a similar mentoring program running in the worm community, and we sincerely appreciate their support of our endeavor.
Thankyou Shefali FlyCROSS Co-chair Grad student rep, Fly Board PhD candidate, Tennessen Lab IU Bloomington Bluesky : @iamshef.bsky.social X : @iam_shef
At the end of each month, I pick the same month from a random year from the past 15 years of the Node, and take a look at what people were talking about back then.
Previously, I’ve been busy travelling back to February 2011, March 2013, April 2014, May 2016 and June 2013 to have a look around the Node. It’s now July, and I enjoyed my time travelling back to June of 2013 so much that I decided to stay behind until the end of July…
Read this course report from Alice Accorsi. Fast forward to 2025, Development has published a Perspective article, looking back at the relationship between The Company of Biologists and the Woods Hole course. In the article, we caught up with Alice and others to find out how the course has impacted their careers.
Join us to hear three early-career researchers speaking on the topic of stem cells and organoids, chaired by Yuchuan Miao. One of Development’s first PI fellows, Yuchuan is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Cell Biology at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Yuchuan’s lab uses stem cells to study human vertebral column development.
Wednesday 13 August – 16:00 BST
Toshi Yamada (University of California San Francisco) ‘Synthetic organizer cells guide development via spatial and biochemical instructions’
Chrysanthi-Maria (Anthie) Moysidou (Max Delbrück Center) ‘Bioelectronics meet neuromuscular organoids: novel tools for enhancing the maturation and complexity of organoids’’
Daniel Medina-Cano (MSKCC) ‘A mouse organoid platform for modeling cerebral cortex development and cis-regulatory evolution in vitro’
At the speakers’ discretion, the webinar will be recorded to view on demand. To see the other webinars scheduled in our series, and to catch up on previous talks, please visit: thenode.biologists.com/devpres
The Indian Society of Developmental Biologists (InSDB) is hosting our 2025 meeting from December 14–17 at IISER Berhampur. This year will be a joint meeting with the International Society for Differentiation (ISD). The meeting promises to be a fantastic gathering of researchers from around the world, with a brilliant lineup of speakers.
Apart from talks, the meeting will also have dedicated panel discussions, workshops, and networking events for early-career researchers. There will also be highly interactive poster sessions every day.
This time, thanks to the generous support from ISD, the registration fee will be fully reimbursed for student and postdoc members of InSDB. All registrants will also get a free one-year membership to ISD. We strongly encourage international students to join, as this will be a great chance to interact with peers from India.
Registrations are open now, but don’t wait too long; the deadline is August 31, 2025. We urge everyone to register, and we look forward to welcoming you to India.
The Node is 15 years old this year! We thought it’d be fun to get in touch with prolific authors of the Node over the past 15 years, revisit the posts they wrote for us and see what they’re up to now.
In this post, we caught up with Helena Jambor, who posted on the Node regularly and wrote many popular ‘How to’ posts on data visualization and statistics: https://thenode.biologists.com/author/helena-jambor/
What were you doing when you first started writing for the Node?
Postdoc, looking for a change in research direction after having worked on RNA Localization for 10 years.
What motivated you to write for the Node?
I wanted to try out writing about data visualization in biology. The Node offered an instant audience without having to first start and grow my own blog.
Choose a favourite/most memorable piece you’ve written for us and tell us why you’ve picked it.
Scales in science figures – I was testing out my first ideas about improving image figures, which led to several papers, the founding of the working group for image presentation in figures and our eventual community guidelines (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41592-023-01987-9). And, the best, I got some insightful comments and mails from readers!
Where are you now? What are you currently working on?
I am associate professor for data visualization in life sciences in Switzerland, and I research data visualization workflows for exploring complex datasets, explorative data visualization for figures, and most dear to me, data visualizations as aide in cancer patient communication.
Do you have any writing advice?
Only the boring one: just do it. And, do it every day.
What have you been reading/listening to lately? Any book or podcast recommendations?
Books and Podcasts for me are a break from my science, so no biology or biology adjacent recommendations. I very much enjoyed Roland Allen’s The Notebook: a History of Thinking on Paper – about writing! For podcast I love listening to stories from history, a German history podcast.es are also relevant for the scientific process and therefore I enjoyed the book a lot.
We pick up where we left off with Anna-Lena Vigil, now a PhD candidate in the Crocker Group at EMBL, as her journey unfolds to moments beyond the bench that shaped her path. In part one, we traced how questions of metabolism, cell fate, and adaptation shaped her scientific path — from studying cancer cells in a dish to exploring how metabolic shifts guide development in flies. But Anna’s story is also one of personal growth, bold moves, and a deep curiosity which make her among the few who took the leap from US to pursue grad school in Europe.
Anna’s scientific appetite spans fields and organisms — from plants to hibernating mammals to cancer cells — always chasing the big questions. As a technician in Lucas Sullivan’s lab, she honed both her skills and her curiosity, studying how metabolism rewires under stress. That experience sparked her shift to Drosophila, where she now explores how metabolism shapes development and adaptation. Whether in cell lines or whole organisms, Anna bridges disciplines, using metabolism as a language to make sense of biology’s complexity. Check out all her work here.
In this next part of our conversation, she reflects on what kept her in the field, how she navigated her transition into graduate school, and what advice she has for others at the crossroads of research and curiosity. In both parts of her interview she credits the infectious scientific culture in the Sullivan Lab, the value of mentorship, the thrill of scientific independence, and how metabolism remains both a personal fascination and a powerful lens for asking big biological questions. Along the way, she shares lessons in resilience, advice for young scientists, and the joy of embracing life (and science) with curiosity and a sense of adventure.
What kept you interested in continuing to pursue the field of metabolism?
To me, the biochemical processes that make a cell, a cell and an organism, an organism, is the most fascinating lens to view biology. The best thing about metabolic research is that it is the foundation to almost anything that biology focuses on: any question you ask or area you pursue, there is a metabolic system/process that is intertwined with it. These biological systems are deeply connected, and metabolism provides a more complex layer into how systems operate. I think what propelled me to stay in this field was not only the amazing work that has been done thus far, but all the work there is still yet to do and all the questions that still need to be pursued.
Tell us about what experiences/results/training from your time in the Sullivan Lab at Fred Hutch motivated you to continue pushing forward in grad school ?
As a research technician, I think the main motivation that drove me to pursue grad school was the unexplored opportunities for growth that come associated with scientific research. There is always room for improvement in science, so for me, pushing through to receive further training was something I wanted to experience, and I felt like I wanted to keep pushing myself further to reach my higher academic potential. As a technician, I learned a lot of independence with techniques and experiments, but I always felt as though I could go further intellectually and push myself to ask the important questions and decide on the right next steps. I find myself growing as a scientist everyday, and this is the exact reason I wanted to continue onto grad school.
Could you briefly share your experience transitioning from Fred Hutch in the U.S. to EMBL in Heidelberg? How did you apply, and what was the process of getting into graduate school?
Apart from wanting to try out life in Europe for a while, I was really interested in diversifying my research experiences and learning how research questions were approached in different institutes and countries. I knew that I absolutely want to be a biologist/scientist, so the goal of obtaining a PhD was something that I found necessary for my future plans of pursuing a scientific career. Also, learning of the metamorphosis that occurs as young scientists go through graduate school was something that I wanted to experience for my own personal development; even with all the ups and downs that come associated with it.
As the requirements for entering a PhD program were a bit different in the U.S. versus in Europe, I wanted to find a place where I could go directly into a PhD program without needing a Master’s degree (in the U.S. you can enter directly into a graduate program from your Bachelor’s studies, provided you have sufficient research knowledge and experience to help make the transition easier; in Europe, a Master’s degree is usually required). I felt my time as a technician helped reinforce my research independence, so I felt like obtaining a Master’s degree was an unnecessary step for me. So when I found the PhD program at EMBL I immediately became interested in pursuing an application. Not only was EMBL a leader in scientific research in Europe, it also had really cool research groups (like Justin’s group!) which made me very interested in pursuing a PhD in Heidelberg, Germany.
What were the cultural changes, how did you adapt? what were the biggest challenges/setbacks – how did you overcome them?
I have always been used to German culture growing up, as my mom is German by birth. That being said, there were definitely cultural changes I had to adjust to. I grew up and studied in Las Vegas before moving to Seattle, so needless to say most Europeans are far different than anyone from Vegas. One challenge was navigating how serious people can be, especially in some research settings. However, I am a true believer in the notion that we should not take life, and definitely not science, so seriously and instead focus on the joy that it brings and the gratitude we should all feel in being scientists. I have done many jobs in my life, and this one by far is the most fun and rewarding (and of course challenging). So I try to bring this mindset to every interaction I have here, either in science or in society, and it usually leads to a smile, even from very serious people. And for me, that smile makes cultural barriers break down and reveal the shared humanity we all have, as happiness and joy is universal.
What were the positive changes/surprises?
Generally, I found the move to Germany from the U.S. to be very refreshing. The way of life in Europe is a little more relaxed, so it has been a pleasant experience so far. Scientifically, I think it was also helpful to have a variety of different research experiences before coming here to help me navigate the landscape of such a different scientific environment, and different ways of thinking and approaching scientific questions. That being said, I work with amazing people and they have been integral to adjusting to a new place, scientifically and culturally. Having good people around can make all the difference. Although it has been a tough challenge to be far away from family and friends back in the States, I found the move to be generally more positive and rewarding than anything.
What advice would you offer to undergrads/postbacs interested in exploring the intersections of nutrition/metabolism and cell fate decisions?
My advice would be to start in a lab that specializes in metabolism to learn more mechanistic details of metabolic systems and pathways, and then move into more broader-themed labs. I think the trajectory of starting small (molecular) and zooming out (to disease, development, or evolution) gives you a better understanding of the molecular underpinnings of cell fate decisions and evolutionary trajectories. Also, apply to as many summer internships as you can while in undergrad; they provide really amazing research experiences and will give you a head-start when it is time to continue on to graduate school. Lastly, another piece of advice is to never ever give up! You are capable of many great things and you owe it to yourself to find out what you can accomplish in this world. Follow your curiosities and enjoy the journey, wherever it takes you!
Were there any pivotal moments that shaped your career path?
The most life-changing event that happened for me academically was a summer internship that I participated in hosted by the University of Washington doing single-cell genomics in Arabidopsis. It not only gave me hands-on experience working in a state-of-the-art lab, but also opened many doors for me professionally. I think I would not be where I am today if I didn’t get a chance to have that summer research experience and I am so grateful to have had that opportunity.
What role does curiosity play in your life, both within and outside of science? What motivates you to be a basic science researcher?
Curiosity is the fuel that keeps all scientists going! Curiosity is crucial to make it through difficult periods that are inherent to science, and I am grateful to have new curiosities to pursue everyday. I think basic science research is the diesel that fuels our societal understanding of the natural world around us. I find it a great honor and privilege to be able to contribute my career to help broaden our collective understanding of how nature works. Knowing that something I observe in the lab may be the first time it has ever been observed is literally the most exciting thing you could experience. To me, there is no better way to spend the day! I believe that basic science questions lay the foundation for the rest of the scientific community to build upon, and aid in advancing our collective health as a society. Without basic science research, the realm of health advances that we have achieved would eventually collapse. Understanding basic principles of how biology occurs in a general sense is the only way we can progress in the fields of health sciences as well, as many basic science and clinical questions overlap. Moreover, I am a huge plant lover and have many plants in my house. I find having plants in my home and seeing all the crazy developmental stages and cell-type changes that occur when you propagate them brings me back to why I find biology so cool!
How do you maintain a balance between your rigorous research activities and personal life? Are there hobbies or practices you find particularly rejuvenating?
I really enjoy gardening and animals. My goal in the future is to have my own (small scale) farm with a few crops and of course a nice collection of chickens for eggs, sheep for wool, goats for milk, and dogs because they are a human’s best friend. So in my spare time I like to learn about best gardening and farming practices for the future, while tending to my house plants in the meantime. Alternatively, I just enjoy being outside and find time in nature to be very rejuvenating.
If you hadn’t embarked on a career in biological research, what other profession might you have pursued, and why?
If I didn’t pursue biology as a career, I probably would have pursued a career in anthropology or sociology. I like people, communities, and the wisdom that different cultures can provide, so I was very interested in studying people and the customs they have built from generational traditions.
Previously we learnt about the role of metabolism in developmental patterning and embryogenesis. Check out – Metabolic Origins: Steering of early developmental fatefeaturing Kristina Stapornwongkul. Krisitina will be starting her lab at her own lab at IMBA, Vienna and will be hiring soon. Check out her lab page here!
Today marks the end of the chapter for my time at the Node and Development. What a ride it has been!
I don’t think you can find many jobs like this one: on the same day I could be writing a Research Highlight about a Development paper on morphogenesis, editing drafts written by researchers, interviewing someone about their career path and organising an online workshop with Reinier and Helen, the amazing team of community managers at preLights and FocalPlane.
I sometimes still can’t believe that I could be paid to do all these fun things. I also get to work alongside a group of brilliant people at The Company of Biologists, who had to endure my endless questions, my slight obsession with lists and spreadsheets, and my annoying complaints about the state of social media. I’ll really miss reading about all-things development biology (and beyond), working with everyone from the Company and interacting with the wider research community.
Here’s non-exhaustive list of my time at the Node and Development:
Research Highlights written: 59
Interviews conducted with people across the world at different career stages, with all kinds of career paths: 33
Hours spent on social media: too many…
Edits and feedback on drafts provided: I started counting but quickly lost track. My guess is it’s >120
Online webinars/workshops delivered: 10
Conferences attended: 8
Strava segment efforts on my cycle commute (specifically, the ‘Cambs north to Histon’ segment): 276
This axolotl was already waiting for me on the desk on my first day. I’ve named it Axie. No one knows how it got here and how old it is…
A highlight for me while at the Node is that I got to be around when The Company of Biologists turns 100 (and the Node turns 15). The Biologists @ 100 conference was hectic, but so much fun. I also enjoyed looking back at the origin story of the Node, and chatting to all the previous Community Managers.
Another highlight was reviving the Node’s career series. More than a decade ago, the Node featured a series of posts written by scientists who had gone on to do non-academic things, i.e. ‘alternative careers’, a term I want the Node to move away from. I decided to find people who have unconventional career paths – hence the name of the interview series: No such thing as a standard career path. I had the pleasure of talking to a group of people who have very different journeys to get to where they are now – all they have in common is that they are working, or have once worked, in development biology or related fields. It was a bit nerve-wrecking cold emailing people I’ve found on the internet. But every single conversation turned out to be really fun and thought-provoking. I hope the series has managed to demonstrate that many valid career paths exist.
The Node could only have survived for 15 years all thanks to every one of you in the community — whether you’re a quiet reader or an active writer for the Node — thank you for your support for the Node and The Company of Biologists! I hope to see the Company continue to support and inspire biologists across the world for years to come. I’d like to encourage you to:
Submit your manuscripts to Development (or Journal of Cell Science, Disease Models & Mechanisms, Journal of Experimental Biology and Biology Open if appropriate)
And of course, please consider posting on the Node – we welcome all kinds of posts, from a job advert to an event listing, from a behind the paper story to an ‘honest conversation’ about a topic that you’re passionate about but feel like it’s not well-discussed. Remember, you’re free to post without requiring approval. But the Node team is always happy to help at any point of the writing process.
I’m signing off from the Node now (although I’ve scheduled a few more posts for the quieter summer months, so you’ll see the ‘ghost’ of me posting). I’m off to continue my own ‘squiggly’ career journey – my next adventure is doing science communication in the biotech industry, an unfamiliar, but exciting world for me to explore. If you want to follow along, you can find me on LinkedIn.
The Node is 15 years old this year! We thought it’d be fun to get in touch with prolific authors of the Node over the past 15 years, revisit the posts they wrote for us and see what they’re up to now.
In this post, we caught up with Joachim Goedhart, whose “Data Visualization with Flying Colors” post remains the most viewed on the Node. You can check out all his other posts, mostly about data visualization and statistics.
What were you doing when you first started writing for the Node?
I wrote my first blog in 2017 and at that time I was an assistant professor at Molecular Cytology (part of the Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences at the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands).
I was – and I still am – developing fluorescent protein-based tools to study cellular processes. We are engineering fluorescent proteins and new biosensors based on fluorescent proteins. Since we have a strong focus on quantitative imaging technologies, the image processing, data analysis, and data visualization are important parts of our activities. Therefore, I also have a strong interest in data visualization and statistical analyses.
What motivated you to write for the Node?
Around 2017 I got interested in using R and ggplot2 for data analysis and making graphs and plots. This was totally new for me, so I was learning how to use this software and exploring its potential for data visualization. So, I thought that it would perhaps be helpful for others to share what I learned about R/ggplot2. I was looking for an online platform to post blogs and it turned out that the Node has a very nice infrastructure where it is super easy to write and post pieces. In addition, the audience of the Node aligns well with the audience that (I think) could be interested in the stuff that I write about. At first it was a bit scary that there is no moderation. At the same time this also provides freedom and gives the writer full control over the process which is cool. It took me a couple of posts to become comfortable with this situation, and I really appreciate that the Node provides this platform.
Choose a favourite/most memorable piece you’ve written for us and tell us why you’ve picked it.
It’s difficult to choose one, so I will choose two, a favourite and a memorable piece. The most memorable is a piece about “p-value parroting” as I called it. It’s the practice of mindless repeating what others do, and examples for statistical analysis – especially calculating p-values – are abundantly present in the scientific literature. To share my annoyance, I wrote a small correspondence that was published in Nature, but in the publication process the title was redacted. So, the piece on the Node was also meant to be able to share the original title that I had in mind.
My favourite piece is on “Data Visualization with Flying Colors” which discusses the use of colorblind friendly colors. This is something close to my heart as I’m red-colorblind, and it also seems to resonate with the community as it is often re-shared on social media.
Where are you now? What are you currently working on?
I’m still where I was in 2017 and I’m still roughly working on the same topics, although there’s a stronger focus on biosensors for quantitative imaging with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. In general, it’s becoming easier to acquire multidimensional data (multiple timepoints, colors, stage-positions) with microscopes by automating the acquisition. Therefore, the datasets have become larger and there’s a lot of effort needed for processing, analysis and visualization of the data. It’s exciting to see that also the newest generation of students that we educate have an interest in data analysis and are motivated to learn coding and spending time on this important aspect of research.
Do you have any writing advice?
Write about something that you care about. I think that even if a blog is read by only a few people, it can be valuable (and it will actually be incredibly hard to write something that no one cares about). When I started posting pieces, I was also active on twitter, which helped a lot to find out what other people are interested in, and it was also a great platform to advertise the blogs and get reactions. Currently I’m using Bluesky to interact with people and share blogs, but I guess that other social media platforms can also be used for that.
What have you been reading/listening to lately? Any book or podcast recommendations?
I only recently discovered the Night Science podcast by Itai Yanai and Martin Lercher and I really enjoyed it. There are currently over 70 episodes and I only listened to a couple so there is still plenty to explore. As for books, I recently read the book “I can’t stop thinking about VAR” by Daisy Christodoulou. It discusses the introduction of the video assisted referee as a technology to support referees in soccer with their decisions. It is a nice example where a technology can solve some problems, but at the cost of creating new problems. In addition, it explains how difficult it is to make a binary decision (yellow card, offside), for a continuum of situations. These issues are also relevant for the scientific process and therefore I enjoyed the book a lot.
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