Hello Everyone,

I represent one of two PhD students from the lab of Dr Kim Dale at the University of Dundee currently engaged in designing an exhibit for the new exhibition ‘BodyWorks’ at the Glasgow Science Centre (GSC) due to open in March next year. The exhibition itself, which will be based on the whole of the third floor of the GSC, contains 115 exhibits and will be open for a minimum of 5 years over which time it is anticipated reach 2 million plus visitors. The exhibition will endeavour to engage the public in the development and everyday workings of the human body and inform them of current research.

As embryologists, my colleague and I have been entrusted with designing the exhibit ‘Find the Human.’ The exhibit is designed to communicate the similarity of vertebrate species during early development and thus help the public better understand the value of research which employs the use of model organisms.  As an interactive exhibit, members of the public will try to match different embryonic stages of development for 4 different species on a series of tumble drums; which hopefully will prove to be more difficult than they may expect!

Our role in designing this exhibit is to source high resolution images (300dpi) for 4 equivalent developmental stages in 4/5 different species; human, mouse, chick, bat and turtle – it is in this aspect we ask for your help!

We are looking for images of embryonic stages which summarise early prenatal development, but would gladly accept any relevant images that you may wish to share for possible use in the exhibition. This is a fantastic public engagement opportunity which has the potential inspire new generations of young scientists and increase public awareness of current scientific research in developmental biology.

If you think you may be able to lend a hand in our search for these images, please contact: c.s.l.bailey@dundee.ac.uk

For details of the forthcoming BodyWorks exhibition @ Glasgow Science Centre and to find out how exhibition development is going, visit: http://glasgowsciencecentre.tumblr.com/

I would like to thank you for your time and convey our appreciation for any assistance you could provide to help us source these images.

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SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATE ● Ref: RA876

£30,122 per annum                                                                

A postdoctoral position to investigate the role of microRNAs in skeletal muscle development and differentiation is available in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of East Anglia, Norwich. The full time post will be part of a dynamic research group and fully integrated in a collaborative working environment. The position is funded by the BBSRC and is available from 1 November 2012, or as soon as possible thereafter, for a fixed term period of 3 years.

Closing date:  12 noon on 5 October 2012.

For more information please contact Andrea Münsterberg, a.munsterberg[at]uea.ac.uk

Further particulars and an application form are available on our website: www.uea.ac.uk/hr/jobs/ or Tel. 01603 593493.

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When Dr. Eva Amsen, Community Manager for the Node and Online Editor for Development, recommended me to write this post in connection with our recent publication about mechanisms of pectoral fin development in zebrafish, she was anxious to know the continuation of a story in Nature News last year after the earthquake (commented by my supervisor, Professor Koji Tamura, Tohoku University in Japan). We had almost forgotten our inexpressible anguish until Eva’s indication. Though it is true that we experienced a terrible disaster, what did we really suffer from? What kind of message should we give to readers? Although we decided to write this post about the road to publication of our article, I had hesitated to write it for a long time because I did not know from what I should begin to write.

Since our laboratory is located on a hill far from the sea, we were not directly affected by the tsunami, but the shock of the earthquake depressed us. Our fish room suffered from loss of power (for three days) and suspension of water supply (for three weeks). In other fish rooms in Tohoku University, many fish lines were lost because of low temperatures or damage caused by the earthquake. Fortunately, our fish room is located on the ground floor with air tightness maintained, I therefore decided to reduce feeding frequency to once every four days (to prevent water pollution) and reduce water circulation (to prevent excessive evaporation). When our water tank for fish became depleted of water after two weeks, we filtered water from a well at a place far from our fish room (the only place to obtain water in the campus) and we carried heavy plastic containers filled with water to the fish room. We were able to keep all of the fish lines alive (I had maintained the fish lines with tender care for six years from when I was an undergraduate student without the assistance of any fish technicians). Our laboratory also had other animals (frogs and reptiles) and most of them could be maintained, though some of them lost their ability to reproduce.
In our laboratory rooms (on the fifth floor of a six-story building), everything on the benches and desks fell down and many things were destroyed when the earthquake struck. We returned the fluorescence microscopes and DNA sequence analyzer back to their original positions, but they all fell onto the floor again when a big aftershock occurred. I remember that we were so depressed. The Japanese Government and Tohoku University provided money for repair. Four months later, we were able to restart experiments (though we could not concentrate on work immediately). Because of this chaotic period lasting for four months, submission of our manuscript to Development was delayed, and the PhD thesis defense was affected. Nevertheless, we received support from scientific communities all over the world. I was supposed to attend the JSDB-GFE Joint Meeting of Developmental Biology in Dresden (March 23-26, 2011), but I could not attend it. The German Society of Developmental Biologists supported our registration fee that we had cancelled. ZIRC (Zebrafish International Resource Center, USA) provided fish resources for us in order to allow us to restart experiments smoothly. In Japan, the CDB (Center for Developmental Biology) provided a shuttle bus to transport people and supplies. We received support from many people and organizations, and most of the costs for restoration were provided by public funds including donations from throughout the world. I appreciate this blessed environment, and consequently I could publish my article. However, there are still many people who are in need of support.
Earthquakes occur suddenly with almost no warning. After the earthquake, Koji decided to rearrange throughout the laboratory space and make anti-earthquake reinforcements. Both the number of casualties and the amount of money needed for restoration can be reduced by taking appropriate precautions against future possible disasters. It is also important to share experiences or information among scientists in order to be prepared for future disasters (the Node website is an advanced effort to communicate with developmental biologists/stem cell researchers throughout the world).     We cannot thank you enough for your kindness!

Yano, T., Abe, G., Yokoyama, H., Kawakami, K. & Tamura, K. (2012). Mechanism of pectoral fin outgrowth in zebrafish development, Development, 139 (16) 2925. DOI: 10.1242/dev.075572

(14 votes)

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The fourth annual EMBO meeting is currently underway in Nice. I had a few hours to walk around the city before the meeting started, and discovered that Nice is a haven for cyclists, with a network of bicycle paths and a city-wide bike share system. But last night, Nice also became a haven for cell cycle fans, when Paul Nurse gave the opening keynote lecture at the fourth annual EMBO meeting.

Nurse started his talk with a slide of a complicated network of feedback loops of cyclin/CDK regulation, containing all the knowledge we have about which components affect which part of the pathway. “The sole purpose of putting this slide up is to depress you”, he said, but he quickly cheered us up with a more simplified system. His group has studied which parts of the cell cycle pathway are minimally required for particular functions. Using a chimera protein, they were able to show that changing levels of CDK was sufficient for the cell to move from one part of the cell cycle to the next. Nurse emphasized that such studies could also be done for other developmental or cellular systems: when given an extensive network of biological interactions, with multiple feedback loops, it can become very difficult to understand how certain components carry out their role, but by simplifying the system you can find out which processes are relevant for the process that you’re studying.

After the opening keynote, the meeting continued with the first plenary session: Chromatin & chromosomes – the dynamic genome. Three speakers each discussed a different aspect of chromatin dynamics or epigenetic regulation. Steve Henikoff talked about various projects his lab is doing to map nucleosome dynamics and profile epigenetic patterns. Ingrid Grummt focused on epigenetic silencing of rRNA genes. She described a process in which RNA plays a vital role in epigenetic regulation by forming a triplex structure with the two strands of DNA, which then guides a methyltransferase to its target site. The last speaker of the evening, Adrian Bird, illustrated how the study of methyl-CpG interactions is providing insight into Rett Syndrome – an autism spectrum disorder linked to the methyl-CpG-binding protein MeCP2.

The evening closed with a reception and a visit to the exhibition area, where various companies and organisations have set up a stand for the next few days. There were many vendors and publishers, but also a few institutes: You can find out more about the future Francis Crick Centre in London, or about working at St Jude’s Children’s Hospital in Memphis. The Node is there, too, at the Company of Biologists booth just outside the exhibit hall (next to the job board), so do drop by if you’re attending. I’m there occasionally between talks and I love meeting Node readers.

(1 votes)

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Applications are invited to join our research group  at UCL Institute of Child Health in London. We are investigating the molecular and developmental mechanisms, genetics and cell biology underlying neural tube closure and neural tube defects (NTDs), mainly using mouse models. Recent research has identified key roles for Grainyhead-like transcription factors in regulating neural tube closure. The purpose of the current project is to further define the role of Grhl genes and their targets in neural tube closure. This project will complement ongoing studies that address the cell and developmental biology of neurulation, analysis of metabolic factors and testing of novel therapies.

This is an MRC-funded position in Dr Nick Greene and Prof Andy Copp’s lab and is available immediately. Applicants should have, or shortly expect to obtain, a PhD in developmental biology and/or molecular biology, preferably with some experience in mammalian systems.  Informal enquiries can be made to Nick Greene (n.greene@ucl.ac.uk). Please apply at  http://www.ucl.ac.uk/hr/jobs/ Ref:1281142 (closing date 4th October 2012)

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Here are the highlights from the current issue of Development:

S1P₁ halts vascular remodelling

During organogenesis, vascular remodelling ensures that developing organs receive sufficient oxygen and nutrients. Factors that induce sprouting angiogenesis, which is essential for vascular remodelling, have been identified, but the mechanisms that terminate sprouting angiogenesis, thereby stabilising the vasculature, remain unclear. Here (p. 3859), Adi Ben Shoham, Elazar Zelzer and colleagues report that sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P₁) inhibits sprouting angiogenesis during vascular development. S1P₁ is known to mediate interactions between endothelial cells and mural cells during vascular maturation. Now, though, the researchers report that vessel size aberrations and excessive sprouting occur in the limbs of S1P₁-null mice before vessel maturation, which suggests that S1P₁ acts as an anti-angiogenic factor independently of mural cells. The effect of S1P₁ on sprouting is endothelial cell-autonomous, they report, and similar vascular abnormalities develop in S1p₁ knockdown zebrafish embryos. Because the S1P ligand is blood-borne, these findings suggest that blood flow completes a negative feedback loop that inhibits sprouting angiogenesis during development once the vascular bed is established and functional.

Fruitful endoreduplication

Endopolyploidy (increased cell ploidy) occurs during normal development in many eukaryotes. In higher plants, endopolyploidy is usually the result of endoreduplication – endonuclear DNA replication that produces chromosomes with multivalent chromatids. According to the ‘karyoplasmic ratio’ theory, a cell’s cytoplasmic volume is proportional to its nuclear DNA content. On p. 3817, Christian Chevalier and co-workers test this theory by analysing the structure of endoreduplicated nuclei in tomato fruit, which reach very high ploidy levels during their development. The researchers show that endopolyploidy in tomato pericarp (the fleshy part of the fruit) leads to the formation of polytene chromosomes. Pericarp nuclei, they report, have a complex structure in which numerous deep grooves are filled with mitochondria and in which there is a fairly constant ratio between nuclear surface area and the nuclear volume. Finally, they provide the first direct evidence that endoreduplication triggers enhanced transcription. Together, these results support the karyoplasmic theory and suggest that endoreduplication is associated with the complex cellular organisation that is required for tomato fruit development.

Cell-cell interactions set blastomere fate

The inside-outside model of cell-fate specification in pre-implantation mammalian embryos proposes that blastomeres on the inside of the 16-cell stage embryo adopt an inner cell mass (ICM) fate, whereas those on the outside adopt a trophectoderm (TE) fate. Cell-cell contact should therefore be a key factor in this cell-fate specification event. On p. 3722, Chanchao Lorthongpanich and colleagues test this prediction by analysing the gene expression patterns of individual blastomeres separated from two-cell stage mouse embryos and re-separated after every subsequent cell division. Each singled blastomere has a unique gene expression pattern that is not characteristic of either ICM or TE, but that leans towards that of TE. Notably, embryos reconstructed from singled blastomeres are incapable of gastrulation but singled blastomeres preferentially contribute to the TE lineage when aggregated with intact embryos. Thus, the authors propose that a developmental clock drives the random expression of lineage-specific genes in pre-implantation embryos, but correct patterning of lineage-specific gene expression and proper embryonic development requires positional signals and cell-cell interactions.

Epigenetic brain building

During brain development, neural progenitor cells (NPCs) give rise to various types of neurons and finally differentiate into astrocytes via switches in their differentiation competency. These switches involve changes in gene expression profiles that are thought to be governed partly by epigenetic control mechanisms, such as histone modification. Ryoichiro Kageyama and co-workers now report that the histone H3 Lys9 (H3K9) methyltransferase ESET (also known as Setdb1 or KMT1E) plays an essential role during mouse brain development (see p. 3806). ESET, they report, is highly expressed by mouse NPCs at early stages of brain development but is downregulated over time. Conditional ablation of ESET leads to reduced H3K9 trimethylation, misregulation of gene expression (including downregulation of neural gene expression, activation of non-neural gene expression and derepression of endogenous retroposons), severe brain defects and early lethality. Notably, loss of ESET impairs early neurogenesis but enhances astrocyte formation. Thus, the researchers suggest, ESET helps to regulate mouse brain development by epigenetically controlling temporal and tissue-specific gene expression.

Replication origins wear many developmental HATs

The genomic location and S-phase timing of origins of DNA replication change during multicellular development. Chromatin modifications influence differences in origin location and timing among different cells, but how is DNA replication coordinated with development programmes? Brian Calvi and colleagues have been examining developmental gene amplification in Drosophila ovarian follicle cells (p. 3880) and now report that the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) Chameau binds to amplicon origins and is partially required for their function. Unlike its human orthologue HBO1, however, Chameau is not absolutely required for gene amplification or genomic replication. The HAT CBP (Nejire) also binds to amplicon origins and is partially required for amplification, report the researchers, and Chameau and CBP collaborate in origin replication. Finally, Chameau and CBP globally regulate the developmental transition of follicle cells from endocycling to gene amplification. Thus, multiple HATs coordinate amplicon origin activity with follicle cell differentiation, and the researchers propose that origin regulation by multiple chromatin modifiers may be a general theme in development.

Developmentally, β-catenin levels matter

β-Catenin is a central component of adherens junctions, which are required for cell sorting and migration during development, and of canonical Wnt signalling, which controls numerous developmental processes. Mice that lack β-catenin die before gastrulation but mice that express 50% of wild-type levels develop normally. Now, on p. 3711, Stefan Rudloff and Rolf Kemler examine the developmental consequences of other levels of β-catenin expression in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and embryos. Expression at ~12.5% of the wild-type level, they report, maintains the morphology and pluripotent characteristics of ES cells but cannot activate canonical target genes upon Wnt stimulation. Expression of β-catenin at ~25% of wild-type levels only partially restores Wnt signalling in vitro or in vivo. In embryos, they find that although both levels of expression partially rescue the knockout phenotype, neither results in proper gastrulation. Moreover, different Wnt targets require different β-catenin levels for expression at their wild-type levels. Thus, in mice, the level of β-catenin expression determines pluripotency, gastrulation and subsequent development.

Plus…

An excitingly predictable ‘omic future

Read the winning entry (written by Joanna Asprer) in the ‘Developments in development’ essay competition, which was run on the Node earlier this year.

Plant developmental biologists meet on stairways in Matera

The third EMBO Conference on Plant Molecular Biology, which focused on ‘Plant development and environmental interactions’, was held in May 2012 in Matera, Italy. In this issue, Beeckman and Friml review some of the topics and themes that emerged from the meeting. See the Meeting Review on p. 3677

Stomatal development: a plant’s perspective on cell polarity, cell fate transitions and intercellular communication

As part of our “Development: The Big Picture” series, Lau and Bergmann review how stomata can provide a conceptual and technical framework for the study of cell fate, stem cells, and cell polarity in plants. See the Primer on p. 3683

Ectodomain shedding and ADAMs in development

Weber and Saftig summarize the fascinating roles of A Disintegin And Metalloproteinases (ADAMs) in embryonic and adult tissue development in both vertebrates and invertebrates. See the Review on p. 3693

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Given that most readers of this post will be developmental biologists, it seems slightly unnecessary to point out that development is an amazing, beautiful process.  But it’s true!  The expansion and rearrangement of a little ball of cells that gradually resolves into the shape of an animal is awe-inspiring when you see it for the first time, and still pretty cool when you watch it happen several times a week.  And with the imaging technologies now available, there are plenty of opportunities to capture development as it happens.

Images are vital for communicating science at every level, from illustrating a concept to other researchers, to engaging the general public.  The Wellcome Trust takes an active role in public engagement with science, and they recognise the great ability of pictures to capture an audience’s attention.  They encourage researchers to share their work in this format through a high-profile competition: the Wellcome Image Awards.  This year, two of the sixteen winning images came from developmental biology research, and both were submitted by Vincent Pasque of the University of Cambridge.

His first image shows a collection of Xenopus oocytes, which he has used extensively in his research on somatic cell nuclear reprogramming in the lab of Xenopus pioneer, John Gurdon.  The large oocytes are still within the ovary, surrounded by their support network of tiny follicle cells and blood vessels.  Hoescht staining shows the nuclei of the follicle cells as miniscule blue dots, with the pale vegetal poles of the underlying oocytes glowing in cyan.  This image is exciting because it will appear quite abstract to most people; it begs the question, “What is that?”

In contrast, his other image shows something that is instantly recognisable as alive.  It is a whole chick embryo, with fluorescent dye running through the complex network of blood vessels between it and its yolk.  This image was created by carefully injecting dye into the largest blood vessels at the posterior end of the vascular network.  The action of the beating heart then gradually pumped the dye around the circulatory system, and within a few minutes, the entire network of vessels was alight.

All sixteen winning images from the Wellcome Image Awards are available to view on their website and are on display at the Wellcome Collection in London until 31st December.

(8 votes)

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Stem cells are not just for the (super) young!  As I get older, I’ve come to grips that my body needs some help…some more yoga, some more salads, some more brain-stretching Sudoku.  Thankfully, my adult stem cells are pulling their weight too, by replacing old or damaged cells.  A recent paper in Development describes the importance of p57kip2 in regulating the cell fate decisions in adult neural stem cells.

The adult brain has two stem cell niches—one in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and one in the subgranular zone (SGZ).  Within these niches are neural stem cells (NSCs) that can self-renew and differentiate into neurons and glia.  The nervous system has limited regeneration abilities, as seen in patients with traumatic injuries or degenerating diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS).  MS patients experience myelin loss and axon degeneration, and can experience some phases of recovery due to remyelination.  Understanding the regulation that drives NSCs towards different glial cell fates should help guide the development of treatment for MS patients.  A recent Development paper describes the importance of p57kip2 (Cdkn1) in regulating NSC cell fate decisions.  Jadasz and colleagues found that suppression of p57kip2 in cultured adult NSCs skewed the resulting cell fates away from astroglial fates, and toward oligodendroglial fates.  Oligodendrocytes are the glial cells that produce myelin.  The resulting cells also showed an induction of BMP antagonists, in line with the knowledge that the BMP pathway normally promotes astroglial differentiation.  When p57kip2-suppressed NSCs were transplanted into adult spinal cords, markers for oligodendroglial cells increased.  The images above show the stem cell niches in the SVZ and SGZ.  Sox2 (red) and GFAP (blue) double-positive cells have been proposed to be NSCs in these niches.  These cells also show p57kip2 (green) immunostaining.

For a more general description of this image, see my imaging blog within EuroStemCell, the European stem cell portal.

Jadasz JJ, Rivera FJ, Taubert A, Kandasamy M, Sandner B, Weidner N, Aktas O, Hartung HP, Aigner L, & Küry P (2012). p57kip2 regulates glial fate decision in adult neural stem cells. Development (Cambridge, England), 139 (18), 3306-15 PMID: 22874918

(4 votes)

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Applications are invited for a Research Technician position in the research group of James Briscoe at the MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London. The lab studies the embryonic development of the vertebrate central nervous system. We combine cutting edge transgenic and genomic approaches with the latest imaging and cell biology techniques to investigate how morphogens and transcriptional networks generate spatial pattern.

http://www.nimr.mrc.ac.uk/research/james-briscoe/

Experience in molecular biology is required and experience of cell culture, mouse genetics and embryological techniques desirable. Enthusiasm, reliability and organisational skills are essential. The successful applicant will be expected to support and become engaged in specific projects aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of neural patterning. The group, which will move to the Francis Crick Institute, London, in 2015, currently comprises 11 scientists and is well supported by both MRC and external funds. The Institute provides excellent training for researchers in a multi-disciplinary environment and is equipped with state of the art facilities. Specialist training to support the development of skills will be given where necessary.

The applicant is expected to have a Degree or equivalent in a relevant subject.

This position is for 5 years in the first instance. Salary range is from £21,565 per annum inclusive of location allowance. MRC final salary pension scheme is also available.

Situated in Mill Hill, North West London, the MRC National Institute for Medical Research is the largest MRC institute, supporting 70 research groups and 500 bench scientists. Facilities include genetic modification of mice, imaging, histology, FACS and high throughput sequencing.

Applications are handled by the RCUK Shared Services Centre; to apply please visit our job board at https://ext.ssc.rcuk.ac.uk and complete an online application form.  Applicants who would like to receive this advert in an alternative format (e.g. large print, Braille, audio or hard copy), or who are unable to apply online should contact us by telephone on 01793 867003, please quote reference number

Closing date: 8th October 2012

The MRC is an Equal Opportunities Employer

Final appointments will be subject to a pre employment screening.

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Have you updated your profile on the Node yet, as suggested in this post? If not, you have a few more weeks: we’re delaying the public profiles (and other updates) while we fix some existing issues with the site.

The site updates are ready to go, and we’re really excited about them, but we want to make sure everything is working perfectly without them first.

On that note, if you’re having any technical issues with the Node, please do let us know right away. You can use the email form or email us directly at thenode [at] biologists.com, or use Twitter (@the_Node).

Thanks for your understanding, and sorry to keep you waiting!

(1 votes)

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