Here are the highlights from the current issue of Development:

New blood: vasculature restrains pancreas growth

Although the primary function of blood vessels is to provide organs with the oxygen and nutrients that are essential for tissue growth and maintenance, blood vessels also provide positive paracrine signals during early pancreas development. Now, Yuval Dor and colleagues report that, surprisingly, non-nutritional signals from blood vessels restrain pancreas growth later in development (see p. 4743). In gain-of-function experiments, they show that VEGF-induced hypervascularisation restrains pancreatic growth in embryonic mice. Conversely, the elimination of endothelial cells increases the size of embryonic pancreatic buds. Blood vessels, they report, restrict the formation of pancreatic tip cells, reduce pancreatic lateral branching and prevent differentiation of the pancreatic epithelium into endocrine and exocrine cells both in vivo and ex vivo. The researchers propose, therefore, that the vasculature controls pancreas morphogenesis and growth by reducing branching and by maintaining the undifferentiated state of primitive epithelial cells. These unexpected findings might have important implications for the derivation of insulin-producing β-cells from embryonic stem cells for the treatment of diabetes.

Hesr1 and Hesr3 regulate satellite cell fate

During postnatal growth, satellite cells (skeletal muscle stem cells) divide to provide new myonuclei for growing muscle fibres, but in adult muscle they are maintained in an undifferentiated quiescent state except during muscle regeneration. Notch signalling regulates stem cells in many tissues, including skeletal muscle, and here, So-ichiro Fukada and co-workers investigate whether the Notch target genes Hesr1 and Hesr3 are involved in the generation of satellite cells (p. 4609). They report that Hesr1 and Hesr3 are expressed simultaneously in neonatal and adult mouse satellite cells and show that, although Hesr1 and Hesr3 single-knockout mice have no obvious satellite cell or muscle regeneration abnormalities, the postnatal generation of undifferentiated quiescent satellite cells is impaired in Hesr1/3 double-knockout mice. Moreover, satellite cell numbers gradually decrease in Hesr1/3 double-knockout mice because of premature differentiation, and the mice develop an age-dependent muscle regeneration defect. Thus, the researchers conclude, Hesr1 and Hesr3 play crucial roles in skeletal muscle homeostasis by regulating the undifferentiated quiescent state of satellite cells.

Endothelial cell movements during angiogenesis

During angiogenesis, new blood vessels sprout from an existing vascular network, elongate and bifurcate to form a new branching network. The individual and collective movements of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) during angiogenic morphogenesis are poorly understood but, on p. 4763, Koichi Nishiyama and colleagues provide some new insights into these movements. Using time-lapse imaging and a computer-assisted analysis system to quantitatively characterise EC behaviours during sprouting angiogenesis, they show that ECs move backwards and forwards at different velocities and change their positions relative to each other, even at the tips of elongating branches in vitro. This ‘cell mixing’, which also occurs in vivo at the tips of developing mouse retinal vessels, is counter-regulated by EC-EC interplay via Dll4-Notch signalling and might be promoted via EC-mural cell interplay. Finally, the researchers show, the dynamic behaviour and migration of ECs contribute to effective branch elongation. Thus, cell behaviours during angiogenesis and other forms of branching morphogenesis might be more complex and variable than previously thought.

JAK/Stat signals touch Tinman’s heart

During Drosophila heart development, intercellular signalling pathways activate a conserved cardiac-specific gene regulatory network by inducing the expression of the transcription factor Tinman (Tin) in the dorsal mesoderm. Stat92E, the transcriptional effector of the JAK/Stat signalling pathway, is a direct target of Tin and, on p. 4627, Eric Olson and colleagues characterise JAK/Stat signalling during cardiogenesis for the first time. They show that Drosophila embryos with mutations in the JAK/Stat ligand upd or in Stat92E have non-functional hearts with luminal defects and inappropriate cell aggregations. The JAK/Stat pathway, they report, is active in the dorsal mesoderm when the initially broad mesodermal expression pattern of tin becomes restricted to cardiac and visceral muscle progenitors, which occurs after dorsal mesoderm progenitor specification. Finally, they show that JAK/Stat signals activate Enhancer of Split complex genes to restrict Tin expression, thereby regulating heart precursor diversification. Overall, these findings show that JAK/Stat signalling regulates heart development and identify an autoregulatory circuit by which tin restricts its own expression domain.

Careless tALK predisposes to neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial solid tumour in childhood, arises from cells of the developing sympathoadrenergic lineage. Activating mutations in the gene encoding the tyrosine kinase receptor anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) have been identified in both familial and sporadic cases of neuroblastoma so might Alk signalling control proliferation in this lineage? On p. 4699, Hermann Rohrer and colleagues report that forced expression of wild-type ALK or neuroblastoma-related constitutively active mutant ALK increases the proliferation of cultured immature chick sympathetic neurons and their expression of the proto-oncogene NMyc and of the neurotrophin receptor trkB. By contrast, Alk knockdown both in vitro and in vivo reduces sympathetic neuron proliferation. Furthermore, the Alk ligand Midkine (Mk) is expressed in immature sympathetic neurons, they report, and in vivo knockdown of Mk also reduces sympathetic neuron proliferation. Together, these results indicate that Mk/Alk signalling controls the extent and timing of sympathetic neurogenesis. Thus, the predisposition to neuroblastoma that is associated with activating ALK mutations might be the result of aberrant neurogenesis.

(Bell)ringing the changes in plant phyllotaxis

Complex networks of regulatory genes control morphogenesis but how are these networks translated into the local changes in tissue growth that shape multicellular organisms? Jérôme Pelloux and co-workers (p. 4733) have been investigating the modulation of phyllotaxis (the arrangement of leaves and flowers along plant stems) in Arabidopsis by the transcription factor BELLRINGER (BLR). In plants, the formation of new lateral organs depends on demethylesterification of homogalacturonan (HG), a major component of plant cell wall pectins. The researchers show that ectopic primordia form in the floral meristem of Arabidopsis blr mutants because of ectopic expression of the pectin methylesterase PME5, which changes the demethylesterification state of HG. Thus, BLR normally represses PME5 expression in the meristem, thereby influencing the establishment of the phyllotactic pattern. However, in the elongating stem, the researchers report, BLR activates PME5 expression to maintain phyllotaxis. These results identify BLR as an important component of the regulatory network that controls HG demethylesterification and, in turn, phyllotaxis in Arabidopsis.

Plus…

Coordinating cell behaviour during blood vessel formation

Geudens and Gerhardt review recent progress in our understanding of blood vessel formation, which has been driven by advanced imaging techniques and a combination of powerful in vitro, in vivo and in silico model systems.

See the Review article on p. 4569

An interview with Gordon Keller

Gordon Keller is Director of the McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine at the University Health Network in Toronto, Canada. His research applies concepts from developmental biology to the investigation of the lineage-specific differentiation of mouse and human embryonic stem (ES) cells. He became an Editor of Development in 2011, and recently we asked him a few questions to find out more about him and his research.

See the Spotlight article on p. 4567

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The final day of the meeting continued with vivid discussion and scientific exchange during the presentation sessions as well as during the breaks. Coming back to the initial focus of the meeting, today’s remaining topics centered on the fly as a model system to study fundamental regulators of cell proliferation.

Nic Tapon, at the London Research Institute, presented a synopsis of the Hippo signaling pathway and novel insights into its regulation. This inhibitory cascade of kinases is involved in proliferation control and is conserved in mammals including humans where it has been implicated in cancer and stem cell biology. In the absence of inhibitory Hippo signaling, Yorkie, a downstream co-activator of Tef/Tead transcription factors, translocates to the nucleus and promotes proliferation and can ultimately lead to tumor growth. However, the upstream regulation of the Hippo pathway is still unclear, although a number of links to epithelial polarity pathways have been demonstrated. Nic Tapon’s talk focused on unraveling the regulatory inputs upstream of Hippo using cell based RNAi screens. Subsequent discussion included references to the previous day’s discussion of apico-basal polarity proteins involved in murine retinoblastoma (Rod Bremner’s talk) and in growth control in the fly (Helena Richardson’s talk).

Related to this, and with similar immediate relevance for human cancer, Ginés Morata presented conceptual and experimental advance on the role of tissue-level signaling and proliferation control. Referring to a classic, yet continuously relevant, experiment conducted during his own graduate studies (Morata & Ripoll, 1975), he introduced the concept of cell competition as a means of growth inhibition. He showed in contrast to lethal giant larva (lgl) mutant clones, which are outcompeted and eliminated by apoptosis, lgl ras double mutant clones overgrow and form tumors with an efficiency which increases the more clones are induced. Even though lgl ras clones overgrow, cells at the clone edges of undergo apoptosis, which altogether suggests that there is a minimum number of highly proliferating mutant cells (a microenvironment) that need to be present in order to evade elimination by cell competition. In addition he presented data suggesting that the apoptotic cells themselves could promote the proliferation of neighboring cells by secreting growth-promoting factors.

Concluding the scientific program of the meeting, the academic organizers Anna Philpott (Cambridge) and Nancy Papalopulu (Manchester) summarized the main aspects and recurring themes of the meeting as well as the remaining challenges in the field.

While the meeting had been somewhat “neurocentric” the identified common concepts and mechanisms are applicable to other tissue and cellular contexts. Indeed, “neurocentricity” may be a result of the fact that these concepts and mechanisms have been best elucidated in the nervous system to date. One important notion was interaction between cell cycle regulators and components various signaling pathways. Moreover, an increasing emphasis is placed on understanding the temporal and spatial dynamics of cell cycle and differentiation mechanisms. Another interwoven thread was the significance of identifying similar or related mechanisms in a range of organisms, not only in the mouse, but in frog, fly and in mammalian stem cell systems.

The utility of meeting platforms such as this one were praised, referring to newly identified areas of joint interest between the attendants, and resulting in facilitation of collaborations and future research. Specific for this meeting format was the truly generous opportunity for interaction and scientific exchange. Practically equal time was allotted to the discussion as to the actual talk within the sessions. Moreover, extended coffee breaks and joint activities enabled the lively discourse of the participants coming from all around the world. It was acknowledged that the attending junior investigators and discussants brought a certain freshness and creativity to the table, beyond fostering their career development through immediate interactions and informal discussion with leaders in the field. In summary, the meeting very well matched the format of the company of biologists workshops. While it already fulfilled its aim of promoting the understanding of “growth, division and differentiation” during development, more benefit and spin-offs are likely to arise from the continued exchange between its attendants.

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This is the first post of others to come on the first course on insect neuroscience and Drosophila neurogenetics in Uganda, that is being partially funded by The Company of Biologist. The motivation for organizing the course is that currently in East Africa, and most parts of Africa, research in experimental neuroscience is carried out mostly with rats, which are expensive. However, almost no one is using Drosophila, an inexpensive model organism that in Europe and the U.S is leading in neuroscience and basic medical research. The course will include theoretical and practical (laboratory) sessions. It is intended for graduate students and Junior Faculty who are interested or involved in teaching or doing research in neuroscience at universities in Africa. This year course will start next week, and thanks to the support from The Company of Biologist, we will be welcoming students from Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, and Cameroon. The people involved in the project include a local organizing committee that is taking care of all the organization in Ishaka (where the medical campus of the Kampala International University is based, place where the course will take place), and faculty: Dr. Baden,  Dr. Palacios, Dr. Martin-Bermudo, Dr. Vicente, and myself (Dr. Prieto Godino). I will post here some other general posts about the course, but if you are interested and you would like to know more about it, and how it is running everyday you can follow our Facebook or our blog pages.

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As a follow up to Ben Martynoga’s post from yesterday, here is some more information on the topics covered in this excellent workshop that took place a couple of weeks ago.

After extensive revolutions around the cell cycle in many of the previous sessions, Ryoichiro Kageyama introduced quite a different rhythm to the meeting in the afternoon session where he talked about Hes1 oscillations in embryonic and adult neural stem cells. Ryoichiro showed impressive live-imaging data from reporter constructs that allow his lab to visualize these oscillations. Besides being an exciting thing to watch, these oscillations are also important to balance self-renewal and neurogenesis during development, as Ryoichiro showed.

The next talk of the session by Nick Monk then took quite a theoretical approach to the same topic. Instead of Western blots and fluorescent micrographs he showed a lot of colorful simulations, which he used to investigate how in theory the oscillators described by Ryoichiro can be built by connecting the different components of the Delta/Notch signaling system. Nick showed that communication between single cells can make a big difference to the oscillatory dynamics. Communication therefore is essential not only for scientists, but also for their study objects.
Marc Kirschner from Harvard Medical School then gave the plenary talk of the meeting. He presented a balance with which to weigh single cells, and described how it can be used to address a very fundamental question in cell cycle research: How are cellular growth and cell cycle integrated to control size variability in cell populations? His talk perfectly set the tone for the evening session, where the participants together aimed at identifying the future big questions in the field. What became clear is that we’ll probably move away from searching for more and more kinases and phosphorylation sites, but will rather focus on integrative approaches. We may for example aim at understanding how the modules that drive cell cycle and growth are integrated and exchange information, how cells generate, sense and react to tissue level signals, and how the characteristics of the cell cycle differ in development, tissue homeostasis and disease.

(2 votes)

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October 7 is Ada Lovelace Day, celebrating women in science and technology. This international day to promote gender equality in these fields was first held in 2009, and is named after Ada Lovelace. Ada Lovelace is considered to be the world’s first computer programmer – although in the 19th century, they weren’t called “computers” yet! Ada wrote algorithms for Charles Babbage’s “Analytical Engine“.

A few related resources to mark the day:
-The Journal of Cell Science‘s “Women in Cell Science” interview series by Fiona Watt.
-“Mothers in Science: 64 ways to have it all“, a free eBook published by the Royal Society and produced by Ottoline Leyser (who has a bit more to say on the topic in an upcoming interview with Development, so watch this space in a few weeks.)

Who inspired you?
In many areas of science, women are underrepresented at all levels. In other fields, such as chemistry or molecular biology, the distribution is still quite even among students, and then drops dramatically among more senior scientists. Developmental biology, on the other hand, seems to suffer less from a lack of women than many other areas of science. In 2010, more than half of the presidents of national developmental biology societies were women! In addition, quite a few women have made significant seminal contributions to developmental biology over the years and are role models to many: Nicole Le Douarin, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, or Anne McLaren (see also here), to name just a few of them – but there are many others!

The organisers of Ada Lovelace Day are asking people to “share your story about a woman — whether an engineer, a scientist, a technologist or mathematician — who has inspired you to become who you are today.”   So who is your female role model?

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Better late than never! This excellent workshop took place a couple of weeks ago, but it is still nice to have a record of what was discussed, here on The Node.

Fabienne Pituello started the day by describing how the Shh pathway can induce cell cycle regulators such as Cdc25b to increase the rate of neurogenesis in the developing ventral spinal cord of the chick. In keeping with other talks throughout the meeting her data supports the idea that modulating the length of specific cell cycle phases can affect the outcome of progenitor division. Working in a completely different model, the Xenopus retina, Muriel Perron explained how Hedgehog signaling has a highly analogous function in promoting rapid, neurogenic divisions in her cellular system of choice. She went on to show that this pro-differentiation activity of Hedgehog is counteracted by Wnt signaling, which instead promotes stem/progenitor cell maintenance. Furthermore Wnt and Hh seem to mutually antagonize one another, probably via the induction of direct target genes that modulate the other pathway.

Bill Harris, who also studies the development of the retina, gave a very convincing illustration of just how powerful live imaging in vivo can be understand the real dynamics of cell cycle progression and cell fate choices. For example, a simple genetic reporter where PCNA is fused to GFP can be imaged to quantify how long individual retinal progenitors spend in each phase of the cell cycle in real time.

In keeping with the mainly retina-centric nature of this session Rod Bremner wrapped the session up by showing how the eye is also an excellent model system in which to study the susceptibility to and onset of tumours. Using the mouse as a model system he described his elegant genetic strategies to unravel how the members of the Retinoblastoma (Rb) family of proteins interact with various components of cell cycle and signaling pathways to carry out their vital functions as tumour suppressors.

(2 votes)

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A few months ago we ran a survey on the Node to ask how you used the site, and if you had any suggestions. First of all, a big thank-you to all of you who took the time to answer our questions. As promised, we held a random draw among the survey participants: the winner was Gregory Shanower and he has been sent some gifts from Development and the Node. Congratulations!

So what did the survey tell us?

The complete report is 13 pages long. We’ll spare you that, but there were some recurring themes that we thought you might be interested in, so here is a short summary of the results – just to give you a brief idea of what we’ll be focusing on in the near future:

Who is reading the Node?
Let’s start by shattering a myth. One of the biggest misconceptions about the Node is that it’s “only for young people”. We hear this comment regularly but we now have the data to prove that it is not true. As the pie chart below shows, there is an equal distribution of PhD students, postdocs and PIs reading the Node. (Considering that in absolute numbers there are far more PhD students and postdocs than there are PIs, this means that, relatively speaking, the Node seems to be more popular among PIs than among younger researchers!)

Other facts about you, the Node’s readers:
* Almost 90% of the Node audience identifies as developmental biologists, but many also have interests in cell biology, genetics, stem cell research, or other areas of the life sciences.
* One in four Node readers has heard about the Node from a friend or colleague. Thank you for talking about us!

What are the most popular features on the Node?
Aside from the main content on the Node, the job postings and event listings are the most popular features. This is as good a place as any to remind everyone that you can add jobs and events if you have a Node account. You’ll receive posting instructions once your account is approved. Speaking of which…

Writing for the Node
About a third of the survey respondents has written posts or comments on the Node, posted job ads, or added events. Almost as many people indicated that they had not written anything on the Node, but would like to write something.

Of the people who had never posted on the Node, some said they didn’t have time, or that they were not confident about making their opinions public. Many others simply didn’t know what to write about, or didn’t know that they could, so we’ll be doing a bit more in the future to make it clear that anyone can post and we’ll try to set up a resource (perhaps an opt-in mailing list) to offer topics and ideas for Node posts for enthusiastic (current and future) Node contributors who suffer from writers block.

Keeping up with the Node
One of the most striking things that we found in the survey is that a lot of you are simply not able to keep up with everything on the Node, and more than half of you simply scroll through posts on the homepage. One immediate solution is that we’ll start doing monthly summary posts, highlighting some of the content from earlier that month. Here is the first one, for September 2011. We’ll also see if there is anything we can do in terms of layout and presentation, but that will be a more long-term plan.

Topics
Finally, we received a lot of great suggestions for features and for topics for future Node posts, and we’ll try to get as many of those on the site as we can. (Of course everything depends on people actually writing content, so it’s ultimately up to you.)

Several people made a suggestion that was quite straightforward and that we’ve already started in response to these suggestions: to do regular round-ups of upcoming deadlines for meetings, scholarships or grants. It’s hard to ensure such updates are complete, so if you see one of these posts and know of another deadline, feel free to post it yourself, or leave a comment on a previous deadline post. You don’t need an account to comment, and your email address will never be public.

If you have any questions about the survey we ran, or if you have some additional suggestions for the Node, feel free to leave a comment below.

(4 votes)

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An NIH-funded postdoctoral position is available in the Nascone-Yoder laboratory at North Carolina State University (Raleigh, NC, USA) to study the role of non-canonical Wnt/PCP signaling in Xenopus gut morphogenesis. The successful applicant will elucidate the cellular and molecular basis of gut tube lumen formation, gut tube elongation and rotation, and/or digestive epithelial morphogenesis. 

We are seeking a self-motivated Ph.D. scientist with graduate training in cell and/or developmental biology, and at least one peer-reviewed publication.  A strong background in molecular biology must be demonstrated. Experience in Wnt signaling, aquatic animal models, immunohistochemistry, organ culture, and/or confocal microscopy is also highly desirable.

Interest in working in a multidisciplinary environment is a plus: other research in the lab involves drug discovery through small molecule screening [Chemistry & Biology, 18(2): 252-263], the development of photoactivatable loss-of-function technologies [J Am Chem Soc., 132(44):15644-50], and the evolution of unusual gut morphologies in non-model frog species [Science, 331(6015): 280-281].

For more information, please visit:       http://www4.ncsu.edu/~nmnascon/

North Carolina State University is situated in the heart of the Research “Triangle” (as delineated by the three relative locations of NCSU, Duke University & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), where many of the country’s leading technology, research and pharmaceutical companies thrive.  The Nascone-Yoder lab is located in the Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences at the NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine, currently ranked 3rd among the top veterinary colleges in the nation, with state of the art resources for both basic and clinical research.

Review of applications will begin immediately and will continue until the position is filled. Please send a CV, including a list of three references, and a statement of research interest by email to:   nmnascon[at]ncsu.edu

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This year’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has just been announced, and the winners are Bruce Beutler (The Scripps Research Institute), Jules Hoffmann (University of Strasbourg) and Ralph Steinman (Rockefeller University), for their research on the immune system. [Update 14:04: Just heard that Ralph Steinman died of pancreatic cancer this weekend. Committee still deciding whether to give him the award – they are not given posthumously, but committee picked winners before he died.]

Steinman discovered dendritic cells, while Beutler and Hoffmann studied the genetics behind immunity. At first glance, it does not seem to be directly related to developmental biology, but a closer look at Hoffmann’s and Beutler’s work in particular suggests differently:

Hoffmann started out studying developmental biology, and early in his career he researched the role of steroid hormones on insect development. However, if you look at his publication history, it shifts toward immunology in the mid-eighties. In 1987 he still published on locust development, but just a year later he had a paper on insect immunity, followed by many others.

Even when Hoffmann focused predominantly on immunology later in his career, developmental biology found a way to catch up with him.

In a 1996 paper in Cell, Hoffmann’s lab showed a connection between Drosophila development and immunity. Specifically, they found that Toll signalling pathways was involved in antifungal defence in flies. While Toll was already known at that point for its role in dorsoventral patterning, thanks to Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard’s work, Hoffman was the first to identify the role of Toll in the fly’s innate immune response. Soon after this, other groups, including Beutler’s, identified Toll-like receptors in mammals.

That’s not the only developmental connection to this year’s Nobel Prize. Of course, to have a functioning immune system, you need to form the components of that system, and this has been a recent area of interest for Nobel Laureate Bruce Beutler. A Nature Immunology paper from earlier this year describes the requirement of the ATPase ATP11C in B cell development in adult (but not fetal) bone marrow. The paper describes the identification of X-linked mutations in mice that interfere with B cell development, and linked the phenotype to recessive mutations in Atp11c, which encodes a P4-type ATPase. The precise molecular pathways by which ATP11C regulates B cell differentiation are yet to be determined, showing that even for Nobel Prize winners there is always more left to be discovered…

References:
LEMAITRE, B., NICOLAS, E., MICHAUT, L., REICHHART, J., & HOFFMANN, J. (1996). The Dorsoventral Regulatory Gene Cassette Controls the Potent Antifungal Response in Drosophila Adults Cell, 86 (6), 973-983 DOI: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80172-5

Siggs, O., Arnold, C., Huber, C., Pirie, E., Xia, Y., Lin, P., Nemazee, D., & Beutler, B. (2011). The P4-type ATPase ATP11C is essential for B lymphopoiesis in adult bone marrow Nature Immunology, 12 (5), 434-440 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2012

(2 votes)

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What was new on the Node this month? Here are a few of the highlights from September:

EMBO meeting
Natascha Bushati attended the EMBO meeting, and wrote several posts as one of their certified bloggers, including two interviews that are definitely worth a read: one with Janet Rossant, and a joint interview with Eric Wieschaus and Marcos González-Gaitán. Below are some quotes, but there’s much more in the full interviews.

“At the end of the day, when people believe that a human embryo from the time of conception is worthy of all protection, you cannot argue against that. All I can argue is that we are in a situation where human embryos through IVF programmes are discarded, and isn’t it more ethically acceptable to use those discarded embryos to help save human lives in the future?” – Janet Rossant

“We think of proteins and genes, but there are all also lipids and sugars, and we are ignoring them completely! Maybe the future could be to measure them, find out where they are and how they influence things. Chemistry could be the future.” – Marcos González-Gaitán

“The reality is that model systems, at least in the fields we work in, exist not because it has anything to do with generality, but because experiments were easy to do in them.” – Eric Wieschaus

Japan
This past month saw several posts about (research from) Japan: Bruno Velutini summarized turtle shell development research from the Kuratani lab, Paul O’Neill featured a new study on transparent mice, also from the RIKEN institute, and Mubarak Hussain Syed wrote about the developmental neurobiology course he took this summer in Okinawa.

 
Careers
* Thomas Butts expressed his concern about the future of UK science careers in his contribution to the latest Science is Vital campaign.
* An article summarizing the Node’s alternative careers posts was published in Development (and on the Node) at the start of the month.
* Finally, as always, check out the job listings on the Node for the latest openings in labs around the world.

Everything else:
Still want more? Browse the full September archive of posts to see the rest of the month!

(2 votes)

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