“In spite of the remarkable medical advances of the last four decades, AIDS still claimed one life every minute in 2022. So how can we end this epidemic for good?”
Dr Emma Werner
Today is World AIDS Day 2023.
In the latest episode of the Genetics Unzipped podcast, we’re looking back over four decades of AIDS, from the earliest whispers of a mysterious new disease to fighting back against this deadly virus.
If you enjoy the show, please do rate and review on Apple podcasts and help to spread the word on social media. And you can always send feedback and suggestions for future episodes and guests to podcast@geneticsunzipped.com Follow us on Twitter – @geneticsunzip
Hello, my name is Elena Camacho-Aguilar, and I am excited to be contributing to the “New PI Diaries” section on The Node. As you might have already deduced, I am a new PI. A few weeks ago, on November 9th, I joined the Andalusian Center for Developmental Biology (CABD for short) in Seville as a María de Maeztu Junior PI. My lab will leverage stem cell research, mathematics, and computational methods to study early embryonic development. We are interested in uncovering mechanisms by which cells interact and interpret dynamic signaling to transition into different cell types and create spatial patterns, with a focus on embryonic-extraembryonic interactions. If this sounds like something you might be interested in, don’t hesitate to contact me, as we are looking for motivated scientists to join our team! In particular, we are actively looking for a lab technician/research assistant. Our website is still in the making, but I hope to be able to share it soon! In the meantime, feel free to follow me on X for more regular updates.
Not going to lie, these past months have been a bit of a rollercoaster. I feel like I started to blink last April, when I accepted my new position, and when I opened my eyes, it was already November. During these past seven seconds months, I had to get ready to finish my postdoctoral position at Rice University and start as a new PI at the CABD. Among other things, I had to finish manuscript revisions, finish some experiments, submit a grant, learn a new experimental technique, put all my data and code together in a way someone else can find it and use it, start MTAs to transfer cells across the Atlantic, contact vendors to set up my new lab, as well as get married and prepare for an international move1. Luckily, it all happened quite smoothly, and I can say I’m safe and sound in Seville.
Figuring out what to say in this blog post allowed me to reflect on the peculiar aspects of this transition that I had not realized. First, after 10 years abroad, I am very lucky to be coming back to my hometown, where I left as a newly graduated college student. Secondly, while I left as a newly graduated pure mathematician, I am coming back to set up a quantitative stem cell research lab. What I mean is that, while I am coming back to a familiar city and culture, there are many things that I still need to adapt to and figure out. I am back to the same geographical point but under a very different condition. However, I am very lucky that my past mentor and new colleagues are helping a lot in making this transition easier; they have been incredibly welcoming and supportive of me. In the following months, I will have to finish ordering materials, receive our cells (wish me luck at border control), interview candidates for our technician position, and start doing experiments. I can’t wait to see how the lab develops and do our first experiment in Seville! Will keep you posted!
1 I also completed the SDB New Faculty Bootcamp, which I totally recommend if you feel a bit anxious about the different aspects of becoming a new PI. I learned many things from project management, managing your budget, grant writing, mentoring, etc., and the virtual meetings were a lot of fun.
How was the most famous long noncoding RNA in mammals discovered? This was the subject of the round-table session “30 years of Xist/XIST discovery”, held during the 2023 X-inactivation conference in Berlin. The guests – Andrea Ballabio, Carolyn J. Brown, Neil Brockdorff and Sohaila Rastan – represented the three different teams of researchers that in three separate studies in 1991 reported the discovery of a long transcript with no coding potential associated with the inactive X chromosome, either in mouse or human. As for many other scientific discoveries, this was a journey combining hard work and dedication with serendipity. Importantly, competing teams would share data with each other – the sequences of Xist/XIST travelled across the Atlantic in floppy disks. Hosted by two PhD students, Antonia Hauth (Edith Heard’s lab) and Emmanuel Cazottes (Claire Rougeulle’s lab), the session ends with final messages to early career researchers.
In the recent BSDB-the Node virtual art exhibition, Oliver Anderson’s ‘The Maw at Etna’ was selected as the Judges’ Choice in the ‘Scientific images’ category. We briefly caught up with Oliver to find out more about his research and the story behind the image.
The Maw at Etna Oliver Anderson (Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)
In this image, microtubules are shown in red/yellow, and nuclei in white. Cells rush to fill an opening in the colony, with their jagged flame-like microtubules roaring into the centre like the devouring forge-flames of Cyclopean Etna. (Aeneid Book VIII: Lines 416-425) Human induced pluripotent stem cells, imaged using a Zeiss LSM780 confocal microscope. Cells are labelled with DAPI (white), and immunostained for alpha-tubulin (red-yellow).
What is your background?
I did a Bachelor of Science Advanced Research (Honours) at Monash University, majoring in Genetics and Immunology. My honours project focused on modelling metabolic disease in Drosophila. I am now undertaking a PhD at the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute in the lab of Dr Jennifer Zenker, where I am examining microtubule dynamics in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs).
What are you currently researching on? Currently, I am investigating and manipulating the microtubule cytoskeleton of hiPSCs in order to uncover the relationship between the structural aspects of pluripotent cells and their overall identity. Our current understanding of pluripotency is more heavily focused on genetic and metabolic aspects, and so microtubules are comparatively understudied at this stage of development.
Can you tell us more about the story behind your image ‘The Maw at Etna’? This is one of my favourite immunostains of hiPSCs where I looked at alpha-tubulin. In this colony of hiPSCs, a hole of sorts was present in the centre of the colony, and I was struck by how the jagged intrusions looked like teeth, or even stalactites. Colouring the microtubules in red-yellow gave the appearance of fire, reminding me of Vulcan’s workshops below Etna mentioned in Aeneid Book VIII(Lines 416-425), where there’s wonderful imagery of living flames breathing through the forges, tended to by cyclops.
What is your favourite technique? Anything that gets me on the (confocal fluorescent) microscope! Immunostaining has always given me beautiful samples that I can image slowly overnight, and techniques like transfection with fluorescent plasmids and live dyes often give fascinating live imaging data.
What excites you most in the field of developmental and stem cell biology? There is such a huge amount we don’t understand about the beginnings of an organism’s life, and how the identities of cells transform over the course of development. Everywhere you look, there are so many questions unanswered, and to me that’s deeply exciting for the future.
The webinar on 14 November 2023 was chaired by Development Senior Editor Alex Eve and featured talks from three early-career researchers studying development and disease. Below are the recordings of the talks.
Mauricio Rocha-Martins (Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência)
Talk and Q&A by Mauricio Rocha-Martins
Nicole Edwards (Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center)
Talk and Q&A by Nicole Edwards
Cecilia Arriagada (Rutger’s University)
Talk and Q&A by Cecilia Arriagada (1 votes) Loading...
In this SciArt profile, we caught up with Lauren Moon, a PhD student in developmental biology who enjoys creating science-themed calligraphy and hand-painted ceramic plates.
Can you tell us about your background and what do you work on now?
I started my undergraduate degree in anatomy and developmental biology at King’s College London. Though my anatomical studies really inspired me and brought out my artistic creativity, the classes I enjoyed the most were embryology. I did a research project on zebrafish neural tube formation in my third year, which cemented my drive to pursue research in this field. I am now in the final year of my PhD, working on the mechanics of neurulation in avian embryos.
Red neural tube – Painted ceramic plate, after a confocal image of a memRFP transgenic chick anterior neural tube undergoing closure.
Were you always going to be a scientist?
Growing up, I was equally torn between literature and biology. I realised very quickly that whilst I wasn’t brilliant at describing what I wanted to portray in written words, expressing it in art came naturally and my passion for sketching and painting grew. For a while, I thought I could be an illustrator for manuscripts or books, creating beautiful calligraphy with art in the margins. Biology was just as interesting and sparked my curiosity in a very different way but was more practical as a career choice (Younger me was devastated to find out there wasn’t really a call for those kind of books and manuscripts these days). As I got older and focused more on science, I realised what fascinated me the most was the small details, the underpinning bits of cell biology and tissue structures that built up to create such varied organisms, and that set me on the path to where I am now.
Kidney relations – Calligraphic representation of the structures that abut the posterior of the kidneys, colour coded for muscle (green), bone (orange) and vasculature. Alcohol markers on toned paper.
And what about art – have you always enjoyed it?
Art is something I think I’ve been doing for as long as I can remember, though when it started to be recognisable as anything more than broad strokes of colour and smudged outlines is a different story! I went through many different styles as my interests and the materials I had access to changed, but I settled on my love of calligraphy and playing with form and geometry in my late teens after being gifted a book on it by my great aunt, who noticed I always used to like her ornate handwriting. I do still take the chance to sit in the V&A for an afternoon to sketch their marble busts and statuary whenever I can though, there is something very relaxing about just a pencil and paper and the curve and flow of limbs and draped fabric that has stayed with me through all my stylistic changes.
Anatomical surfaces of the pelvis, Ink on toned paper.
What or who are your most important artistic influences?
It depends on what style or medium I’m working in really, but one of my biggest influences for the calligraphic pieces is Henry Vandyke Carter. I spent a lot of time studying Gray’s Anatomy for my undergrad, and those pieces stemmed from trying to create study aids for myself that meant I could procrastinate by doing art but still have learned something at the end. My pottery pieces, and some of my paintings and digital pieces, are more inspired by what I see down the microscope or in the lab than a specific artist or style. Confocal fluorescent images of my work are very inspiring to me; at such a high magnification translating the images to art gives an abstract view that lets me pick out shapes and colours but still connect to the biology underlying the images.
Painted ceramic plate, after a confocal image of a chick embryo showing the closing neural folds. Sample was stained for nuclei (DAPI, blue) and neural fate (Sox2, green).Painted ceramic plate, after a confocal image of a chick embryo showing the closed neural tube and somites. Sample stained for nuclei (DAPI, blue), neural fate (Sox2, green) and actin (Phalloidin, red).
How do you make your art?
I use all sorts, but you will most often find me with either a pencil, a fountain pen or an ink brush in hand. The calligraphy is a mix of sketched outlines and ink or alcohol markers depending on the scale, with a lot of cross referencing various anatomy textbooks and personal notes and sketches. My ceramics are most often plates I picked up from homeware stores painted very painstakingly with hundreds of tiny dots using ceramic paint, based on microscopy images taken on a confocal. More recently, I have bought an artist’s tablet that plugs into my laptop and am exploring with more digital methods. So far, I have used drawing programs like Affinity for graphic designs for prints and outreach projects, as well as sculpting software to manipulate virtual clay for schematics and animations of tissue scale biological processes.
Calligraphic representation of the brachial plexus in situ. Alcohol markers on toned paper.
Does your art influence your science at all, or are they separate worlds?
My science very much influences my art, but the other way around? I would say it does, but perhaps not always in the most helpful way! It certainly elevates my drive to improve and push the boundaries of what my microscopy can reach, pushing me to learn more about different microscope types and builds, refractive indices and optical aberrations to achieve the greatest clarity possible in the tissues I work with. That definitely makes my eventual data collection much easier to analyse and work with, but early on did come at the cost of unfortunately huge file sizes whilst I found the balance. It also helps in thinking about how to frame my science in a way that I can easily communicate to others and where to go next; drawing a mock graphical abstract or giving a chalk talk where I need to draw out what I say helps see where the missing piece of the composition is.
The Gurdon Institute in Cambridge, where I’m based, also does a lot of public engagement and that is a part of my science that is definitely influenced by my art. One of the projects the amazing outreach team run that I got involved in is Tattoo My Science. Researchers from different labs create a design that represents their work, which is turned into temporary tattoos we can give out at outreach days. It really makes you think hard about your work and your understanding of what you do, to try and distill it into a small simple image that would appeal to (and you then have to explain to) anyone from five to one hundred and five. It also gives me a chance to bring my science out of the lab and to a new audience; last year I exhibited some of my pottery pieces at the Heong Gallery in Cambridge as part of a Fine Art prize I won and got the chance to talk about them with people from many different backgrounds.
Selection of temporary tattoo designs based on projects within the lab. Left to right, they are 1) overlaid stages of primary neural tube closure, 2) Example of culture technique using filter paper and 3) a project involving the role of Nodal in zebrafish development. Graphical tablet using Affinity Designer.
What are you thinking of working on next?
I am (very slowly) working on creating enough of the anatomy sketches to put together an atlas with them as a long term creative goal, though once complete it will probably just sit on my shelf as a reference book and I’ll move on to the next big project! In the nearer future, I’ve been tasked with creating a logo and t shirt design for our next lab retreat, so that will be a fun departure from what I’m used to.
“We became humans who could tell each other stories, who could imagine mutual futures, who could say, ‘I love you, and I can imagine us spending the rest of our lives together.’ We became fundamentally different perhaps as quickly as wasps acquired the ability to recognise faces.”
Rebecca Coffey
In the latest episode of the Genetics Unzipped podcast, author and science journalist Rebecca Coffey chats with us about some amazing adaptations and Darwinian delights from her book, Beyond Primates. She tells us about wasp facial recognition genes, how yeast epigenetics explain the Dutch Hunger Winter and a dinner party tale of spider cannibalism.
Our next Development presents… webinar is on the topic of germ cell development and will be chaired by Development Editor, Swathi Arur (MD Anderson Cancer Center).
Tuesday 5 December 2023 – 15:00 GMT
Gabriele Zaffagnini (Centre for Genomic Regulation) ‘Why don’t oocytes get Alzheimer’s?’
Diego Sainz de la Maza (University College London) ‘Somatic cells support germ cell survival by shuttling glycolytic products’
Güneş Taylor (Francis Crick Institute) ‘The role of FOXL2 in pregranulosa cell specification within the vertebrate ovary’
The webinar will be recorded to watch on-demand. To see the other webinars scheduled in our series, and to catch up on previous talks, please visit: thenode.biologists.com/devpres
What comes to mind when I say, “sea star”? For me, I think of easily accessible eggs that we can fertilized in vitro to make completely clear larvae that grow in a 6-well dish. Ah yes, I guess you were also thinking about snorkeling in a transparent ocean!
My name is Margherita Perillo and I am a Research Scientist at the MBL in beautiful Woods Hole right in Cape Cod. My research focuses mostly on understanding tissue and organ morphogenesis: How do individual cells group together to form complex organs? The system I chose to establish to investigate this question is the sea star Patiria miniata larva. In this short article, together with Zak Swartz (Assistant Scientist at MBL who also works with sea stars) and Jamie MacKinnon (Research Assistant from the Swartz Lab), we explain why we love this research animal.
Who works at the MBL?
The Marine Biological Laboratory is a vibrant year-round institute for research and teaching affiliated with the University of Chicago (Fig. 1). You may know us for our summer season, when we host advanced research training courses including the famous Embryology and Physiology courses, as well as visiting scientists and students from around the world, reaching a campus population of around 1,200 people. But throughout the year, MBL is home to over 30 resident faculty and laboratories across three departments, including Ecosystems Center, the Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, and the Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering. Our research community spans different length scales and disciplines, from biomedical cell biology to ecosystem-level interactions. In addition, the MBL offers immersive undergraduate courses, including the Semester in Environmental Science and the new Semester in Biological Discovery, and a brand new Ph.D. program in conjunction with the University of Chicago.
Figure 1. The MBL Campus. Credit Marine Biological Laboratory
Patiria miniatain the wild
Sea stars are echinoderms, a group of bilaterian animals that includes sea urchins, sea stars, sea lilies, brittle stars, and sea cucumbers. Because of their close relationship with vertebrates, these animals are great models to ask biomedical questions, as the basic cellular and developmental mechanisms that we study in sea stars are conserved in vertebrates (Fig. 2A). The sea star Patiria miniata (Fig. 2B) can be found all along the Pacific Coast, from Alaska to Mexico in deep and shallow waters 1,2. We get our animals from divers in California who ship us sea stars that we keep in big tanks in the MBL Marine Resource Center. Here a team of sea star experts takes care of them to make sure they enjoy their stay and have the best possible accommodations in Cape Cod.
Life cycle: Females and male adult sea stars live in groups and when the season is right, they release their gametes out in the ocean where fertilization happens (Fig. 2C). There are gametes are in each arm and if we are lucky we find a female with six arms -extra ovaries for us! Embryos and larvae of P. miniata go through gastrulation and transform into planktonic larvae. After a few months, the larvae undergo metamorphosis to create a tiny, juvenile sea star. A remarkable feature of sea stars (and all other echinoderms) is that while their adult body has a pentameric plan, their larvae are bilateral, meaning that if we draw a line in the center of the larva there is a left and a right side, like us!
Figure 2. A) Phylogenetic tree showing relationship of echinoderms to other deuterostomes. There are five families of echinoderms and they all have a 5-fold symmetry (only a coincidence?). B) Adults Patiria miniata come in different colors that range from red, to purple, orange or beige (Picture of one of our sea stars at MBL, Credits Margherita Perillo). C) P. miniata life cycle, from eggs or sperm released from adults to larval stages that eventually undergo metamorphosis and transform into a tiny sea star juvenile (Cartoon modified from Perillo et. al, 2023).
Patiria miniatain the laboratory
One of the best parts about working with sea stars is that they are incredibly easy to culture and bring through metamorphosis. A normal week in the lab begins with a trip to the Marine Resources Center (MRC) to visit our adult sea stars, check their health, and collect gonads (Fig. 3A). We carefully make a 1mm ventral incision and extract a piece of ovary; these pieces are cultured in antibiotic-treated seawater and safely kept ex-vivo for weeks at 15°C3,4.
When we need to expand our larval cultures, we use a dissecting needle to tease open the ovary, remove any eggs we need for the day, and add hormone to induce maturation (Fig. 3B). After fertilization, the early-stage cell divisions will happen in just a few hours. Two days later they will have developed into swimming larvae which can be transferred into 500mL boxes and fed with a red and green algal cocktail. If we change the water biweekly and continue this feeding pattern, we can observe bipinnaria larvae beginning to metamorphose within a few months. At this time we begin to feed larvae small pieces of Aquanix kelp flakes, containing spirulina, and several sources of protein. The juvenile sea stars are very low maintenance and continue to grow larger and more motile day by day!
Figure 3. A) We keepthe sea starP. miniata in big tanks with sea water at 15°C in the MRC facility at MBL. B) Jamie working with sea star ovaries under a dissection scope.
P. miniata, an emerging system to understand organ morphogenesis
Our body is composed of many organs with diverse functions. What do they all have in common? Well, virtually all organs derive from epithelial tubes. During organogenesis these simple tubes grow, branch and elongate to make complex organs like lungs, kidneys, heart, pancreas and more. If this first step of making a tube goes wrong the embryo will develop with major birth defects with one or more organs that are shorter, have the wrong orientation in the embryo and do not function properly5-7.
Because of the fundamental role that epithelial tubes have in building our organs a key question is: What are the mechanisms that drive proper outgrowth and elongation of epithelial tube? And what can be a good model to address this question?
While vertebrates have many, complex and highly branched organs all tightly packed together, the sea star larva has only two simple and optically clear organs: a digestive system and the hydro-vascular organ, (HVO) (Fig. 4). In my recent work, I develop two important tools that allowed us to use this new system to study how tubes form: long-term live imaging (to look at cell movements) and I set up the first CRISPR Cas9 protocols for a sea star (to perturb gene function)8-10.
The HVO is the perfect epithelial tube: we found that it starts as a sheet of cells that bud off the digestive system (stage 1) to form two parallel tubes (stage 2) that elongate, make one branch and eventually fuse to form a looped organ (stage 3). HVO functions might be related to larval buoyancy in the water column11 and I’m investigating if this is its only function.
We used the HVO as a model to define aspects of tube morphogenesis that were still poorly defined, like for instance: What drives tube elongation? We found that the FGF pathway is a major driver of tube outgrowth and that this pathway also controls branch point formation through the transcriptional factor Six1/2. Using live imaging we investigated the mechanics of tube elongation and found that cells of the growing tube actively migrate and at the same time divide to allow for tube extension and expansion. This is relevant from a biomedical perspective, as these steps are conserved with mammals 8.
Figure 4. A) A live sea star larva where digestive system and hydro-vascular organ (HVO) are highlighted. These are the only two organs of this organism and follow a stereotypical growth. B) Stages of HVO development (laminin staining).
Sea stars for fundamental reproductive biology
In the lab of Zak Swartz, we work with sea stars to explore fundamental reproductive processes from a cell biological perspective. In contrast to mammals, which undergo reproductive aging and have limited fecundity, the sea star produces millions of new oocytes throughout its (30 year+) lifespan through adult oogenesis (Figure 5A). This is a practical advantage, as having such abundant access to ovary tissue and oocytes lowers the barriers to doing our experiments. But it also fascinating biology: how do sea stars manage to continuously produce so many oocytes whereas humans are born with a limited set? Periklis Paganos is leading a project that uses single-cell genomics to define the cell type repertoire that drives this reproductive longevity, and cell biological approaches to understand how these cells interact with each other. Our goal is to define the signaling interactions and cellular states that support a long reproductive lifespan, which we hope will help inform human fertility treatments.
Another special aspect of working with sea stars is their status as ecologically important animals. As predators and keystone species, they have an outsized impact on food webs. Like many other marine invertebrates, sea stars release their eggs directly into the seawater, with minimal protection against any fluctuations in the environment. Yet, they are fertilized and must accurately perform meiotic and mitotic processes to form an embryo under these conditions (Figure 5B). Jamie MacKinnon is asking how resilient sea star reproduction is to climate change, including variables such as temperature. By comparing eggs from different species, we aim to identify predictive measures for how marine eggs and early embryos will respond to extreme climate fluctuations. We are also working developing new genetic tools for sea stars, an effort led by Akshay Kane in our lab, and Nat Clarke at MIT, that we hope will make sea stars and other echinoderms more accessible for the research community – stay tuned!
Figure 5. A) Adult female sea star spawning out thousands of eggs, visible as the orange material emanating from between the arms. B) A summary of cell division processes between fertilization and the first embryonic cleavage that we study in our lab.
Patiria miniata combines a biomedically relevant phylogenetic position, genetic tools for functional analysis and a lot of oocytes and embryos available year-round -we are excited to learn more from these model organisms in the future.
1 Ebert, T. A. Life-History Analysis of Asterinid Starfishes. The Biological Bulletin241, 231-242, doi:10.1086/716913 (2021).
2 Morris, R. H., Abbott, D. P. & Haderlie, E. C. Intertidal invertebrates of California. Vol. 200 (Stanford University Press Stanford, 1980).
3 Swartz, S. Z. et al. Quiescent cells actively replenish CENP-A nucleosomes to maintain centromere identity and proliferative potential. bioRxiv, 433391 (2018).
4 Pal, D., Visconti, F., Sepúlveda-Ramírez, S. P., Swartz, S. Z. & Shuster, C. B. Use of echinoderm gametes and early embryos for studying meiosis and mitosis. Mitosis: Methods and Protocols, 1-17 (2022).
5 Ely, D. M. & Driscoll, A. K. Infant Mortality in the United States, 2020: Data From the Period Linked Birth/Infant Death File. Natl Vital Stat Rep71, 1-18 (2022).
6 Baldwin, D. & Yadav, D. in StatPearls (StatPearls Publishing
7 Eitler, K., Bibok, A. & Telkes, G. Situs Inversus Totalis: A Clinical Review. Int J Gen Med15, 2437-2449, doi:10.2147/ijgm.S295444 (2022).
8 Perillo, M., Swartz, S. Z., Pieplow, C. & Wessel, G. M. Molecular mechanisms of tubulogenesis revealed in the sea star hydro-vascular organ. Nature Communications14, 2402, doi:10.1038/s41467-023-37947-2 (2023).
9 Oulhen, N., Pieplow, C., Perillo, M., Gregory, P. & Wessel, G. M. Optimizing CRISPR/Cas9-based gene manipulation in echinoderms. Dev Biol490, 117-124, doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.07.008 (2022).
10 Perillo, M., Swartz, S. Z. & Wessel, G. M. A conserved node in the regulation of Vasa between an induced and an inherited program of primordial germ cell specification. Dev Biol482, 28-33, doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.11.007 (2022).
11 Potts, W. T. The physiological function of the coelom in starfish larvae and its evolutionary implications. Physiol Biochem Zool76, 771-775, doi:10.1086/381463 (2003).
Come join us next year in France to discuss all things Neural Crest: From patient to model system and back agan. This conference is organised by the Ph.D students of the ITN ‘NEUcrest’ aiming to highlight the works of early career researchers. We have exciting speakers, a session on living with a Neurocristopathy and a great location. Most importantly, the first 30 students to sign up to our conference, get a 50% discount. We look forward to meeting you!Scan the QR code or follow this link to register on our website: https://neucrestfinalconference.org
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