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Repulsive interactions bring rapid mitotic divisions to order

Posted by , on 26 January 2022

New research, published in Development, describes repulsive forces driving the uniform distribution of nuclei in the developing embryo. Study conducted at the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (Ivo Telley & Jorge Carvalho) in collaboration with MBI Singapore (Tim E. Saunders).

The new study provides evidence for the biophysical principles that maintain the order of nuclei in fruit fly embryos. The team found that microtubules, protein polymers that are part of the cell skeleton, form a scaffold generating repulsive forces that keep nuclei at a distance. The positioning of nuclei inside multinucleated cells is very complex, encompassing a large array of possible interactions between neighboring nuclei. This type of cells develops “most robustly by an internuclear repulsion mechanism – which we present in our paper”, explains Ivo Telley, principal investigator at Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC) and leader of the team that conducted the study. Besides maintaining nuclear positions, repulsive interactions can also reorient nuclear divisions towards unoccupied regions, where repulsion is weakest, avoiding an uneven distribution of nuclei inside large cells.

The image shows an embryo from a mutant fruit fly, in which the microtubule cytoskeleton (magenta) and centrosomes (green) were stained. In this mutant, the division of nuclei (chromosomes) is inhibited and an endless growing nucleus forms (middle). Although mitosis does not occur, the spindle asters continue to organise in a lattice-like arrangement. This provides string evidence that the asters alone are responsible for regular positioning of spindles and nuclei in wild type flies. The spacing is defined by a repulsion force between neighbouring asters

“Repulsion between nuclei was a hypothesis proposed more than twenty years ago but had never been supported by experiments”, Ivo remarks. This quest for one of “nature’s most basic principles” started in 2013 and involved collaboration with research institutes in Singapore and Germany. Soon after Ivo set up his lab at the IGC, Jorge Carvalho, first author of the study, joined him to implement the innovative experimental approach that would lead to these findings. Fruit fly embryo explants, made by extracting cytoplasm and nuclei from the embryo, allowed the researchers to unveil the mechanisms behind nuclei distribution without the need to use living samples, which are often complex and difficult to analyze. “This approach was key to most of the experimental data in the paper”, Jorge emphasized.

Ultimately, this long journey led the researchers to discover a mechanism that directly impacts cell size and positioning, two properties that define core cellular functions in later embryonic development. But these findings go beyond the development of insects: they also improve our understanding of the evolution of species, such as our own. “Internuclear repulsion was key for the transition from unicellular organisms to multicellularity”, Ivo highlights.

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Two years of the Node Network

Posted by , on 25 January 2022

In January 2020 we launched the Node Network and now, two years later, we are delighted to announce that we have over 1000 members from 44 different countries. Read on to find out more about how our global directory of developmental and stem cell biologists can help you. 

What is the Node Network? 

The Node Network is a directory of developmental and stem cell biologists and is designed to help those organising meetings, assembly committees, seeking speakers or looking for referees to identify individuals who would not otherwise come to mind.  

Who is the Network for? 

The Node Network is entirely inclusive – anyone from the developmental and stem cell biology community, at any career stage, can add themselves to the directory to become members of the Network. Likewise, anyone searching for reviewers, speakers or committee members can register to access the directory. Users can perform searches based on scientific field, model organism and place of work, but also on aspects of diversity such as gender, race/ethnicity, LGBTQ+ identity and disability status that members can choose to share if they wish. 

Why should you sign up? 

We caught up with some of our members and users to find out how and why they use the network: 

“I often turn to the Node Network to help me identify referees for papers I handle at Development. It’s allowed me to select referees that I wouldn’t normally think of and to find really great ECR referees.” – James Briscoe, Editor-in-chief at Development 

“Having a directory of colleagues is useful, whether you are looking for someone in particular or searching for specific keywords/discipline. In combination with the Node, it is a way for junior scientists to share their views and open discussions with peers, which is a precious way of keeping in touch in those times.” – Gaëlle Recher, Permanent Researcher, Biof lab, CNRS 

“Postdocs are some of the most reliable reviewers around, but they are not always easy to spot online. The Node Network makes it easy to find and contact postdocs with appropriate expertise, providing a diverse pool of potential paper referees.” – Miguel Branco, QMUL, Editor for PLoS ONE and Epigenetics Communications

“I frequently use the Node Network to expand my referee pool so that the opportunities to peer review are spread more equally between all members of the research community. It’s also a great resource to find potential authors from whom I could commission articles.” – Alex Eve, Reviews Editor at Development 

When can I signed up? 

Sign up now for access and entry into the Node Network: https://thenode.biologists.com/network/ 

Birthday celebrations

As part of the birthday celebrations, we are running a ‘Promoting yourself as an ECR’ event hosted by FocalPlane, the Node Network and preLights on Wednesday 23 February at 3pm GMT. Come along and listen to the discussions with our panellists and find out more about the Node Network from our Community Manager and Development Editors. If you can’t make the event and have any feedback or suggestions of how we can improve the Node Network send us an email at thenode@biologists.com  

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‘Not birth, marriage or death, but gastrulation’: the life of a quotation in biology

Posted by , on 24 January 2022

Developmental biologists might be interested in a just-published article about Lewis Wolpert’s famous saying, ‘“Not birth, marriage or death but gastrulation”: the life of a quotation in biology’. The piece reconstructs the rich and surprising history of Wolpert’s dictum—including a conference dinner in Antwerp, Jonathan Slack’s From Egg to Embryo and a poster derived from an undergraduate project in Florida—and discusses its uses in teaching, research and public engagement. This uncovers some little-known history of developmental biology, and makes a case for the importance of quotations in communicating recent science.

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#devbiolbookclub

Posted by , on 20 January 2022

Howdy all,
As promised, here’s a post with book recommendations for developmental biologists.

~First, there are two books that together provide a simply exceptional entry into the field.  They will be entertaining for developmental biologists looking for a broader view, but also represent good recommendations to friends and relatives hoping to grasp what the heck we are doing: 

Coming to Life: How Genes Drive Development, by Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard.   Written by one of our own Nobel Laureates, this book presents all you really need to know about developmental biology in a brisk and lively 150 pages, accompanied by exceptionally cogent illustrations.  Undeniably my favorite in the genre. 

Life Unfolding: How the Human Body Creates Itself, by Jaime Davies.  This very readable, if somewhat dense, book focuses more on human development and gets into many of the gritty details passed over by Coming to Life

~Two additional books that do the same thing, but from the vantage point of the early 1990s and early 1960s, respectively. Both are written by absolute giants in the field, people whose ideas very much molded our modern practice, These provide a very entertaining glance back in time, and both are geared to a popular audience.

The Triumph of the Embryo, by Lewis Wolpert

How Animals Develop: A Short Account of the Science of Embryology, by C.H. Waddington

~Next are two books that offer a glimpse into the minds of working developmental biologists.

Egg & Ego: An Almost True Story of Life in the Biology Lab, by Jonathan Slack focuses on his work that of others in the race to link growth factors to embryonic induction and the Spemann-Mangold Organizer in Xenopus. Find out which Xenopus hot-shot is “tall and bluff.”

The Dance of Life: The New Science of How a Single Cell Becomes a Human Being, by Magdalena Zernika-Goetz (with Roger Highfield) is a fun read that focuses on her recent work with early mammalian embryos. 

~Here are two outstanding books chart the long, and dare I say it, glorious history of developmental biology:

Embryos Under the Microscope: The Diverging Meanings of Life, by Jane Maienschein unfurls the history of developmental biology with a view toward its impact on ethical and policy issues. 

A History of Embryology, by Joseph Needham is a prolix tome that leaves no corner of European thought on embryos unturned from ancient times to the close of the 18th Century.  He concludes with a plea for “a theoretical embryology suited in magnitude and spaciousness to the wealth of facts which contemporary investigators are accumulating day by day.”  Guess we all gotta keep our day jobs.

~Two books for thinking about developmental biology as it relates to human form:

Extraordinary Bodies: Figuring Disability in American Culture and Literature, by Rosemarie Garland-Thompson is among the founding documents of disabilities studies and this meditation on human variation is essential reading for all developmental biologists.

Mutants: On Genetic Variety and the Human Body, by Armand Leroi is an exceptionally well-written book explaining developmental biology through discussion of human structural variation.  The title has aged poorly, but the book is spectacular.

~Two great books about evolution that nonetheless brought developmental biology to the masses.

Your Inner Fish: A Journey into the 3.5 Billion-Year History of the Human Body, by Neil Shubin provides not just a great overview of developmental biology, but also nicely demonstrates how it informs our understanding of animal evolution.

Endless Forms Most Beautiful: The New Science of Evo Devo, by Sean Carroll is a fantastic synthesis developmental biology’s impact on our understanding of evolution.

~Two books on ancient pondering of the embryo:

The Human Embryo, Aristotle and the European Tradition, Ed. G.R. Dunstan.  This collection of essays edited by a central figure in 20th Century medical ethics provides an excellent introduction to ancient European thought about embryos.

Imagining the Fetus:  The Unborn in Myth, Religion, and Culture, Ed. Vanessa Sasson and Jane Marie. With a far wider lens than the title above, this collection of essays was the book that first set me on the path to thinking seriously about the non-European history of embryological thought.

~Miscellanies:

Black Apollo of Science: The Life of Earnest Everett Just, by Kenneth Manning is surely the most important (and best) biography of a developmental biologist.  Charting Just’s experiences as a Black man in science in the early 20th Century, the book is heartbreaking in its humanity. But the science will be exhilarating to developmental biologists.

The Heritage of Experimental Embryology: Hans Spemann and the Organizer, by Viktor Hamburger is an excellent first-person account of the heady days of experimental embryology.  We can thank his narrative of Hilda Mangold’s life in the Appendix of this book for her finding her rightful place in the minds of modern developmental biologists. 

Lords of the Fly: Drosophila Genetics and the Experimental Life, by Robert Kohler provides a richly detailed history of the establishment and early evolution of Drosophila genetics as a craft.  A fascinating read. 

From Egg to Embryo: Regional Specification in Early Development (Second Edition), by Jonathan Slack is written for specialists but provides an outstanding overview of the state of the art in about 1990, by which time the major themes of modern developmental biology were squarely in focus.   Provides and exceptional primer on the big picture of our field; great for new students. 

On Growth and Form, by D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson is a book that Steven Jay Gould describes as the “greatest work of prose in twentieth-century science.”  A heralded masterpiece, its quantitative approach was prescient to say the least!

The Dog Stars, by Peter Heller is a novel that has nothing whatsoever to do with developmental biology.  But it reads like a mashup of A River Runs Through It and Mad Max and I really liked it and you might want to read it.


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Postbaccalaureate Program to Diversify STEM: Stowers Research Scholars

Posted by , on 19 January 2022

Closing Date: 4 February 2022

https://www.stowers.org/gradschool/research-scholars

The Stowers Institute for Medical Research (Kansas City, Missouri) is now accepting applications for Stowers Research Scholars, a mentored 1-year postbaccalaureate research fellowship. Through guided research experience and academic career mentoring, this program aims to increase the number of NIH-defined underrepresented students in fundamental biological research.  This year we are accepting up to three students.

This opportunity is open to US citizen or permanent residents from diverse backgrounds with a BA or BS in a STEM field who are interested in pursuing graduate education in basic biological sciences.  Compensation is highly competitive and prior laboratory experience is not required.

For further information and to apply, please visit:
https://www.stowers.org/gradschool/research-scholars

Application Deadline: February 4, 2022
Program Dates: June 6, 2022 – June 16, 2023 (flexible)
Contact: postbac@stowers.org

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Developing news

Posted by , on 18 January 2022

Welcome to our light-hearted look at the goings-on in the world of developmental biology in the last two weeks (or so).

Focus on funding

Training advice and opportunities

  • On-the-job training?:
  • General advice for academics

Outreach

  • A beautiful story on the impact an individual can make on a child’s life by engaging with them:
  • Foldscope in Africa

PreLights on #devbio

If you would like to contribute to our ‘Developing news’ blog, please get in touch at thenode@biologists.com. If you are interested in writing preLights, you can find more information here.

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Categories: Discussion, Education, Funding, Highlights

SciArt profile: Diego Galagovsky

Posted by , on 17 January 2022

In our first SciArt profile of 2022, we hear from Diego Galagovsky, a postdoc with a passion for using cartoons to communicate science.

Where are you originally from and what do you work on now?

I am originally from Salta, Argentina. After moving to Buenos Aires for my PhD, then Dijon, France for a postdoc, I now live in Jena, Germany where I am working on a second postdoc.

Were you always going to be a scientist?

Since I was very young, I have been curious and interested in understanding how things work. As far as I remember, I got interested in dinosaurs when I was 4 or 5 years old and that became the gateway into science. I started reading books, increasing in complexity and getting interested in all areas of science, reading about animals, ecology, evolution, anthropology and history, physics and astronomy. In school and later in high school, I adored all classes linked to science, and especially biology. And as a kid I would always say that I wanted to be a scientist.

And what about art – have you always enjoyed it?

At the same time, I always enjoyed artistic expression. As a kid I took crafts classes and learned the basics for drawing. It was fun. I was always combining it with my love for science, drawing animals, dinosaurs and planets. I also loved cartoons and learned to draw by copying my favourite characters. Later, I became interested in comic books and started trying to emulate the style and make my own.

The X-Flies
I like X-Men comics a lot. For an article about mutations, I did this homage to the cover of 1961 X-Men #1. I liked the characters and would love to continue using them for more articles.


What or who are your most important artistic influences?

My love for cartoons and comic books has had the greatest impact on my style. I take a lot of my inspiration from cartoons I loved throughout my life and from my favourite comic books. I also like visual arts and design in general, so I try to mix in whatever I find nice and appealing. My main interest is in experimenting and learning something new every time I decide to make a drawing.

Loop
I participated in Inktober 2021. It was an excuse to work hard on drawing and try new things. Here I paid tribute to a beloved fly line, the Curly-O balancer line. Balancer lines have rearranged chromosomes which I depict here next to the fly.

How do you make your art?

I work mainly digitally. I like the results I obtain, and I also find it comfortable because I can work almost anywhere, it takes up little space and allows me to work on several projects at the same time. I have been interested in digital art since I was very little. As a kid I never had access to fancy software or someone to teach me. I remember using basic software and pushing it as far as I could. With the popularization of the internet, I finally started learning to use more professional software design. I learned enough to then start self-teaching and experimenting. Regarding the process of my work, it usually involves a lot of thinking until I get the final idea for the subject and the composition. Then as I work it starts evolving and the initial idea starts changing. It is a very rewarding and stimulating process. 

Morgan Genetics
One of the first articles I wrote on our website was about genetics. I wrote about Mendel and Morgan. To illustrate it I drew the crosses Morgan performed with his white-eyed mutant, as if he was drawing them with ink and watercolours.

Does your art influence your science at all, or are they separate worlds?

Now I am working mainly on drawings and illustrations that connect directly to my scientific interests. I am doing works that are aimed at not only being aesthetically pleasing but also educational. I want them to be interesting enough to attract people to learn about science.

My art also influences my science in the sense that it has helped me better communicate my projects and my results. I like visual storytelling and understanding this language has helped me a lot with the communication aspect of my scientific work. I’ve also done figures and graphical abstracts for others in which I infused a bit of the artistic interests I had at the time.

Mutant
On our website, we did an article about mutations and I illustrated the use of x-rays to generate mutations in the style of horror/super-hero over-the-top origin story comic books.

What are you thinking of working on next?

I have been working on projects that involved thinking fast and working on a short schedule. As part of trying to work on science education and dissemination, I have been trying to take on challenges online that involve producing drawings every day, like Inktober or now an Advent Calendar featuring Drosophila flies and the science we do with them. I have also made a sticker app for WhatsApp with the same objective, and now I plan to explore that further: can we use stickers to interest people in science? Next, I want to experiment with the visual storytelling format of comic books, and how to use it to tell science online in a more engaging way. I have many ideas I want to explore in those areas.


You can find Diego on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook as well as his website: sci-flies.com

Thanks to Diego and all the other SciArtists we have featured so far. You can find the full list hereWe’re always on the lookout for new people to feature in this series – whatever kind of art you do, from sculpture to embroidery to music to drawing, if you want to share it with the community just email thenode@biologists.com (nominations are also welcome!)

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Weinstein Cardiovascular Development and Regeneration Conference

Posted by , on 13 January 2022

Do not miss the Weinstein Cardiovascular Development and Regeneration Conference in Marseille (France) on 12-14th May, our first time in the South of France.

We are grateful to all our sponsors and specifically the Company of Biologists

To get information about the program, registration, and housing, visit the website:

Weinstein Conferences – Cardiovascular Development & Regeneration (weinstein-conferences.org)

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Categories: Events

Genetics Unzipped podcast: How the zebra got its stripes – when maths and molecules collide

Posted by , on 13 January 2022

Alan Turing
Alan Turing, Image via Wikimedia Commons

In the first episode of a new season of Genetics Unzipped, the Genetics Society podcast, presenter Kat takes a trip back to the 1950s to find out how one of the world’s greatest minds – Alan Turing – revealed the maths behind some of the deepest mysteries of life, from the patterning of stripes on a zebra to the spots on a leopard, and even the formation of bones in your own body.

Genetics Unzipped is the podcast from The Genetics Society. Full transcript, links and references available online at GeneticsUnzipped.com.

Subscribe from Apple podcasts, Spotify, or wherever you get your podcasts.

Head over to GeneticsUnzipped.com to catch up on our extensive back catalogue.

If you enjoy the show, please do rate and review on Apple podcasts and help to spread the word on social media. And you can always send feedback and suggestions for future episodes and guests to podcast@geneticsunzipped.com Follow us on Twitter – @geneticsunzip

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CENTURI PhD call 2022 | 10 open positions in Marseille

Posted by , on 11 January 2022

Closing Date: 28 February 2022

The Turing Centre for Living Systems (CENTURI) wishes to attract talented PhD students to the Luminy campus. To do so, CENTURI will fund up to 10 PhD positions to start in 2021. PhD students will work in an interdisciplinary life science environment, and have backgrounds in any of the following fields: cell or developmental biology, immunology, neurobiology, biophysics, theoretical physics, computer science, bioinformatics, applied mathematics, engineering.

Candidates can either apply to one of the advertised CENTURI projects or submit their own project, providing that they meet the application criteria and that their application is supported by at least 2 host labs.

PhD students will be co-supervised by two or three supervisors from our community. Candidates can apply to a maximum of three projects.

Do not hesitate to contact the projects’ supervisors for more information.

Check out our projects: http://centuri-livingsystems.org/recruitment/

Applications must be submitted via the project’s application form and must be written in english. 

Deadline for application: February 16, 2022

Duration: 3 years

On-site or video interviews: April 26 to April 27, 2022

Expected profile – selection criteria

Candidates will be evaluated based on the following criteria:

  • Academic achievements
  • Past research experience (internships, master thesis)
  • Interest to work in a multidisciplinary research environment
  • Enthusiasm and communication skills

To apply please fill the form associated to each project. Applications must include the following documents, in English (compiled into a single PDF file):

  • CV
  • cover letter
  • transcript of your MSc’s grades (M1 and M2 if available)

2 letters of recommendation must also be sent by your references. Please note that an automatic email will be sent to them so that they can upload their recommendation letter. We invite you to contact them to make sure that they have received the notification email.


Who are we?

CENTURI brings together leading institutes in biology, physics, mathematics, computer science and engineering to decipher the complexity and dynamics of living systems.  CENTURI offers an exceptional international environment for the development of interdisciplinary projects, in developmental biology, immunology and neurosciences.

CENTURI is mainly located on the Luminy campus of Aix-Marseille University and is affiliated to Aix- Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM and École Centrale Marseille.

Website: centuri-livingsystems.org

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